WORLD HEPATITIS DAY

HEPATITIS (HOMA YA INI)

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
 2130hrs 28th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Leo tarehe 28 July ni siku ya homa ya Ini(hepatitis) duniani. Ini kama ilivyo moyo na tofauti na viungo vingine kama figo iko peke yake hivyo, kukiwa na shida kwenye ini madhara huwa moja kwa moja sababu haina usaidizi wa mwenzake. Hasara nyingine iliyopo ni kwamba kama ambavyo unaweza kuwekewa figo nyingine kutoka kwa mtu, Ini ni moja ya viungo ambapo ni kazi kufanya hivi sababu ili kupata ini lazma mtu mwingine apoteze maisha kwasababu kila mtu ana ini moja tu, si kama figo.

Leo katika kuadhimisha siku ya homa ya Ini duniani, nitakufahamisha mambo yafuatayo:

1. HOMA YA INI NI NINI NA AINA ZAKE?
2. HATARI YA UGONJWA HUU NA UHUSIANO NA MAGONJWA MENGINE YA INI
3. NIFANYEJE NISIUPATE

Pengine wewe ni kama watu wengine, hujawahi kufikiria sana kuhusu Ini. Labda kwa vile hausikii kiungo hiki kama vile ambavyo unaweza kuhisi Moyo unadunda. 

Ini lina kazi kubwa sana katika mwili wako kama vile kuchuja na kujaribu kuharibu sumu yote inayoingia mwilini, kuhifadhi damu kwa mda na kusaidia kuhifadhi baadhi ya vitu muhimu vya mwili kama chakula cha wanga kama "ghala" la mwili pia kutengeneza "bile"(maji maji yanayotoka kwenye nyongo ukiipasua ndani) ambayo ni kemikali muhimu sana kukusaidia katika kula vyakula vya mafuta na kazi nyingine nyingi sana na zinazoweka kufanya maisha yao yakawa hatarini mara moja mambo yasipokwenda sawa.

Homa ya ini ni pale ambapo Ini lako linakuwa limevimba(hepatic inflammation). Imegawanyika katika aina tano. A,B,C,D na E kulingana na aina ya kirusi kinachosababisha. Hizi husambazwa kwa njia tofauti kutegemea na aina.

1.HEPATITIS A

Husambazwa kwa kugusa kinyesi cha mtu aliyekuwa na aina hii ya ugonjwa. Hivyo kuna umuhimu sana wa kuzingatia usafi wa mahala tunapoishi na kulinda mikono yetu. Kinyesi hiki pia tunaweza kukipata katika chakula au maji yasiyozingatia usafi na usalama.

2.HEPATITIS B

Aina hii inaongoza kwa kuua. Ni aina ya hatari sana. Hii husambazwa na kugusana na maji maji ya mwili(body fluids) kama damu au kutumia vitu vyenye ncha kali vinavyoweza kusababisha maji maji haya kutoka kwa mtu mmoja kwenda kwa mwingine, pia kwa ngono au pia kutoka kwa mama kwenda kwa mtoto katika kujifungua. Mbaya zaidi, kwa aina hii hata kwa jasho unaweza kupata. Hii ni hatari mno ndo maana hivi karibuni mfano, hapo Muhimbili hospitali ya taifa na chuo, wafanyakazi na wanafunzi wamepewa chanjo ili kujilinda na aina hii ya hatari.

3.HEPATITIS C

Usambazwaji wa huu ni kama wa aina B. Huu pia ni hatari sana kama aina B, unaongoza kwa kuua sana pia.

4.HEPATITIS D

Usambazwaji wa huu ni kama wa aina B

5.HEPATITIS E

Usambazwaji wa huu ni kama aina A kwa kinyesi.

Dalili zake huisiwa pale ambapo kazi ya ini inapoanza kuacha kufanya kazi na kuleta madhara yanayoonekana mfano "bile" huwa ni rangi ya njano njano hivi(ukiipasua nyongo mfano ya kuku utaona). Sasa kama ini lako litashindwa kufanya kazi "bile" itasambaa maeneo mbalimbali ya mwili na utaanza kuwa wa njano mfano machoni na kwenye ngozi labda kwasababu ya utengenezaji uliopitiliza kiasi au kuziba au kuharibika kwa mfumo husika unaosafirisha "bile" kwenda sehemu husika ambapo ni kwenye utumbo mdogo(small intestine). Unaweza kupata pia mkojo ulio "dark', kuchoka kusio kawaida, kichefuchefu na maumivu ya sehemu ya tumbo.

HATARI YA UGONJWA HUU.
Ugonjwa huu huweza kusababisha hatari ya kupoteza maisha kwani huweza kusababisha magonjwa mengine zaidi kama Kansa ya Ini(haitibiki), huweza kusababisha kuacha/kushindwa kufanya kazi ini(hepatic liver failure) na kuharibika kwa Ini kusikorekebishika(cirrhosis- Irreversible liver damage).
Magonjwa yote haya ni hatari kwa maisha yako. Hupelekea kifo ndani ya mda mfupi sana kwani Ini ni kiungo kilichopo peke yake hakina msaidizi na hivyo ini likiharibika sumu nyingi sana hujikusanya mwilini.

NIFANYEJE ILI NISIUPATE?
Kinachoua Ini ni kuingiza sumu mwilini kupita kiasi. Hivyo ini linazidiwa kazi yake na kusababisha sumu nyingi sana kujikusanya na kupelekea kuliua na kuliharibu.
Sumu hizo zinaweza kuwa Pombe, madawa mengine ya kulevya na baadhi ya madawa ya hospitalini na sababu nyingine ambazo zipo nje ya uwezo wetu kama kugusana na wagonjwa wenye magonjwa haya au kupata hivi virusi kwa njia yoyote ile kama ngono n.k.

Ni vema ukipata mda upate kupima kama unao ili upewe chanjo sababu unasambaa sana.

Tukazie zaidi kwenye vile vyanzo tunavyoweza kujizuia. Hivyo unapokula na kunywa kitu chochote angalia kiasi unachokula au kunywa hasa kama si kitu asilia yani vya kiwandani. Hasa Pombe ndo tatizo kubwa sana hapa. Jizuie kunywa pombe kupita kiasi (soma kwenye blog hii makala inayohusu Pombe na ujue kiasi kinachoshauriwa). Usifanye ngono zembe.

Mtu wangu wa nguvu. Vitu hivi vyote tunaweza kujizuia, hivyo jitahidi kufuata ushauri. Leo ni siku ya homa ya Ini duniani. Shirika la Afya duniani kuona umuhimu wa Ini na vifo vinavyoendelea kwa kasi kwa ugonjwa huu, imeamua kutenga siku hii ili ujifunze na uwe macho kuhusu homa hii hatari. Mjulishe/mshirikishe(share) na mwenzako umlinde.

AFYA YAKO, MAISHA YAKO, MIKONONI MWAKO.
Mpaka siku nyingine tena.

HEADACHE (MAUMIVU YA KICHWA)

HEADACHE (MAUMIVU YA KICHWA)

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
 2130hrs 27th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Ni siku nyingine mtu wangu wa nguvu. Leo nakuletea makala kuhusu Maumivu ya kichwa. Ni kitu ambacho kimezoeleka na huwa sehemu ya maisha yetu mda mwingine. Mara nyingi tumekuwa watumwa wa dawa za kupunguza maumivu(pain killers) na kwa lugha ya kitaalamu "analgesics". Labda nikwambie tu kuwa hatushauriwi kunywa dawa za kupunguza maumivu angalau bila kuandikiwa ya daktari. Hii ni kwasababu nyingi za kiafya kama;

• Dawa hizi hupunguza maumivu na huweza kukudanganya kuwa umepona kumbe bado. Hii ni hatari hasa kama tatizo linalosababisha maumivu hayo ni kubwa sana kama kupata uvimbe kwenye ubongo. 
• Dawa hizi huweza leta vidonda vya tumbo hasa Asprin. 
• Dawa hizi huweza kusababisha "addiction". Unaweza kujikuta mtumiaji wa dawa za kupunguza maumivu na ukawa mtumwa kama wa dawa za kulevya (addiction, dependance and tolerance). 
• Ukizidisha dozi inaweza kusababisha kifo. 

Sasa kikubwa tutakachojifunza hapa leo ni aina ya maumivu ya kichwa, ili tuone kuwa kumbe dawa za kupunguza maumivu zinaweza kutudanganya tatizo likawa si kichwa tu. Ntaongelea baadhi tu na nitaongelea kwa juu juu lakini jinsi gani inasababisha mpaka unapata maumivu ni maswala ya kitalamu( beyond normal understanding). 

1.MIGRANE HEADACHES
Migraine headaches often begin with early symptoms indicating the onset of an attack or a disease such as nausea (kichefuchefu), loss of vision in part of the field of vision(kupungua uwezo wa kuona), visual aura and other types of sensory hallucinations(kuhisi vitu vipo kumbe havipo). Ordinarily, these symptoms begin 30 minutes to 1 hour before the beginning of the headache.

Moja ya nadharia ni kwamba huwa inasababishwa na stress, mvutano na msongo wa mawazo kwa mda mrefu. Hutokea mara nyingi kwa wanawake.

2. Headache attributed to trauma or injury to the head and/or neck:
Hii husababishwa na kujigonga sehemu, kulalia shingo vibaya au kujiumiza kichwani au shingoni kwa namna yoyote ile mfano baada ya Ajali. Inaweza kuwa umeumiza kitu ndani hivyo ni vema ukahakikisha chanzo chake kikuu.

3.Headache attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disorder

Hii husababishwa na matatizo na mfumo wa damu kwenye kichwa. Inaweza kuwa mishipa ya damu kichwani imevimba (vasculitis), kutofika damu ya kutosha kichwani(ischemia), damu kuvujia kichwani(haemorrhage) hasa bila kukigonga kichwa sehemu au bila ajali yoyote, kutoumbwa katika mfumo wa kawaida(malformation like Fistula au kupanuka mishipa ya damu-aneurysm) n.k.

4. Headache attributed to non-vascular intracranial disorder

Hii husababishwa na matatizo ya ndani ya kichwa pia. Kupata "pressure" iliozidi kiwango(hypertension) kichwani si kwasababu ya damu bali kitu tunaita "cerebral spinal fluid" ambacho ni kimiminika kwenye ubongo, kujaa maji kichwani(hydracephalous), kupungua kwa kiasi cha "cerebral spinal fluid" n.k ya kitaalamu zaidi kama neurosarcoidosis, carcinomatous meningitis na epileptic seizure.

5.Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal

Hii hutokea kutokana na matumizi au kuacha ghafla dutu(substance) uliyozoea kutumia sana mfano madawa ya kulevya, pombe na baadhi ya vyakula au vinywaji.

6. Headache attributed to infection

Hii hutokana na maambukizi kwenye kichwa hasa ndani ya kichwa na sehemu zake. Maambukizi haya yanaweza kuwa bacteria, virusi au fungus. Hii huweza pelekea baadhi ya sehemu kuvimba au kufanya kazi isivyotakiwa(abnormal functioning).

7.Headache attributed to disorder of homoeostasis

Hii usababisha na kutokua na uwiano(balance) kwenye systems za kichwa. System zinakuwa zina vitu kuzidi kawaida mfano upungufu wa oxygen inayofika kichwani ambayo inaweza kusababishwa na kwenda urefu wa juu mfano ukipanda milima, ukipanda ndege, wanaoogelea. Pia huweza wapata wajawazito waliokaribu kupata kifafa cha mimba au kifafa cha mimba kinapotokea(eclampsia and pre-eclampsia).

8. Headache or facial pain attributed to disorder of the cranium, neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth or other facial or cervical structure

Hii yenyewe husababishwa na kiungo chochote kilichopo kichwani. Huweza kuwa macho, pua, fuvu, mdomo au meno. Huweza kuwa uvimbe pia wa vitu hivi. Huenda pia kukawa na kubanwa kwa mishipa ya damu au mishipa ya fahamu(nerves)

9. Headache attributed to psychiatric disorder

Hii huweza sababishwa na matatizo ya kiakili(psychiatric). Matatizo ya kiakili si lazma pale utakapokuwa chizi tu. Hata mwenye msongo wa mawazo, mwenye ulevi(addiction). Huweza kuwa Psychosis ( a mental health problem that causes people to perceive or interpret things differently from those around them. This might involve hallucinations or delusions) au Somatization (tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress in the form of somatic symptoms and to seek medical help for them. More commonly expressed, it is the generation of physical symptoms of a psychiatric condition such as anxiety ).

"Hizi zote ni aina za maumivu ya kichwa. Unaweza kujionea mwenyewe sasa kwanini tunakushauri usinywe dawa za kupunguza maumivu bila ushauri wa daktari. Inafanywa hivi ili tujue chanzo kikuu cha maumivu ya kichwa. Tujue kuwa kichwa ni sehemu nyeti sana kwani ndo mwanzo wa kila kitu mwilini na muamuzi mkuu wa kila kitu mwilini hivyo maumivu ya kichwa si ya kuchukulia masihara."

Nitawapa ushuhuda. Yupo mtu ambaye alikua anapata maumivu ya kichwa na alikua ni mgonjwa wa macho na anavaa miwani. Alipata maumivu ya kichwa mara kwa Mara lakini alichukulia tu ni macho yake tu yanasumbua na akafanya mazoea ya kunywa dawa za kupnguza maumivu. Siku alipozidiwa sana hata kupoteza fahamu na kukimbizwa hospitali ndipo alipogundulika kumbe ana tatizo lingine kichwani na bahati nzuri aliwahi pengine angechelwa kungekuwa na madhara mengine zaidi.

WAHI HOSPITALI MAPEMA /KWA WAKATI PINDI UHISIPO KITU SI CHA KAWAIDA. AFYA YAKO, MAISHA YAKO VIPO MIKONONI MWAKO.

Special aknowledgements :

• Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version) 
• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11ed 

Untill next time.

AFYA YA FIGO YAKO, UREFU WA MAISHA YAKO (KIDNEY HEALTH)

STAYING SAFE FROM KIDNEY DISEASE

Helleminigilder Ndangalasi (MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)

2230hrs 26th July 2016

Kidney disorders and disease are among life threatening disorders that can get anyone. This is because each one of us only has two kidneys that normally get damaged simultaneously and if not managed fast lead to complete destruction beyond repair. The result is the need of subsequent procedures of dialysis (kukojoa kutumia mashine) and/or replacement with a donated kidney which as we can all just predict is not any easier procedure to be performed on anyone.

“Diseases of the kidney are among the most important causes of death and disabilities in many countries in most part of the world” Guyton(2005)

Karibu tuzungumze:

In this article I am going to discuss with you

• The signs that you should consider as sign of kidney disease. I aim at educating the mass about how they can know about their kidney health and see professionals in time while the procedure is still manageable. This will reduce the possibility of loosing more kidneys.
• I will also roughly go through a healthy life style for any one to help them take care of their kidneys healthily.

I would first like to alert you that normally kidney diseases may be a result of certain health conditions. People living with diabetes mellitus(kisukari) and high blood pressure are the most risked group of the population.

It is scientifically proven too that on a general basis, the two kinds of populations are normally obese (unene kupita kiasi). These are very interactive concepts of healthy; obesity brings about diabetes then hypertension hence kidney disease that result in kidney failure.

Another instance is of people living with heart failure are at a higher risk of developing the disease that is because in heart failure the heart fails to pump enough blood to the kidneys for their proper function.

In other situations, it comes as a result of loss of large blood quantities of blood like after an accident or maybe delivery. So anyone having experienced such situation should know that they are susceptible to kidney disease and hence should keep awake to the symptoms I am about to describe soon.

However on a general basis, the most common symptoms of kidney disease are:

• Production of very low amounts of urine per day. When I say low I really mean low, as low as just 400ml. for a healthy individual urine output per day is supposed to be between 1 to 1.5L depending on the weather conditions and general amounts of fluid taken in by an individual.
• Secondly, is the oedema(kujaa maji na kuvimba sehemu flani ya mwili mfano mapafu au miguuni mara nyingi) which simply means swelling of the body tissues especially the extremities like the legs. This is normally the pitting kind of oedema that is to mean when you place a finger on the swollen extremities and press hard for sometime; the result is a pit on the skin that starts to feel in but slowly unlike the normal individual. Taking about one or more minutes.
• Further more is high blood pressure which might not be easy for you to notice but on certain occasions high blood pressure as you may have already heard is normally accompanied with headaches and visual problems by which the affected individuals tends to loose clear but blurred images occasionally.

I would also think anyone with the kidney disease should be considered lucky if they are accompanied with pain in the groin. Well I am not saying that pain is what I pray for but atleast pain will be something that can't go unnoticed unlike the others.

In addition one should really see a doctor immediately:

• If they also have blood in their urine, fever and chills. 
• Some people are faced with very fast breathing a condition scientifically called hyperventilation(kupumua kwa nguvu zaidi ili kuvuta na kutoa hewa kwa nguvu kuliko kawaida). This is a result of high level of bodily acids another condition scientifically named as acidosis.

So after taking you through that, may I now take the responsibility to advise you on the healthy life style to keep up to. The rules are simple do not overload the kidneys.

1.  For a better survival just like each one of us can only work up to certain levels and not more. The overload on the kidneys may happen if one takes large quantities of alcohol on daily basis. A little alcohol daily is not a problem, it is infact healthy but not large quantities for a daily or regular occasion.
2. Moreover one should do physical activities like walking or running on daily basis to make sure that they do not acquire a life style encouraging obesity as we have already seen the effect of obesity and its effect on diabetes, high blood pressure and finally kidney disease. This should be hand in hand with taking enough water daily.

Just want to remind you lastly that kidney diseases are reversible before they get very bad. As Guyton(2005) says,“In many cases an initial insult to the kidney leads to progressive deterioration of the kidney function and further loss of nephrones to the point where the person must be placed on dialysis for treatment or replaced with a functional kidney to survive. Getting to the doctor in time is your only survival chance. That’s why I took the trouble to write you this to help you know when you are in danger and alert you to see a doctor in time.

 Until next time we meet stay healthy,thanks.

Je, unafahamu wale wote(wahudumu) wanaohusika na matibabu yako hospitali? Je, unafahamu fursa sekta ya Afya?

WAHUDUMU WA AFYA(HEALTH PRACTITIONERS AND HEALTH PRACTICE)

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences) 

2230hrs 25th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Habarini, watu wangu wa nguvu. Leo nakuletea Makala hii:

• Yenye manufaa kwa watu wote kufahamu watu wa Afya wanaowahudumia.Mara nyingi, tumekuwa tukisema tu doctor asante. Lakini je, tunajua ni watu wangapi wanahusishwa kwenye matibabu yako mpaka unapona? Ni kweli mchango wao unaweza kuwa mdogo kuliko daktari lakini kamwe sehemu yao ni muhimu sana katika sector ya Afya.

•  Kushawishi wanaojiunga na vyuo kujiunga na sekta za Afya mbalimbali mbali, hivyo wajue fursa zilizopo kwenye sector ya Afya. Ili nchi yetu ipate wahudumu wa kutosha nikifanya reference Vyuo vya Afya mbali mbali nchini. 

Naongelea kwenye degree level. Hii ni kwasababu, watu wengi huchanganya sana na kutowajua ipasavyo watu hawa na pengine kuwadharau. Labda kwasababu tumezoea kuwaona kwenye vituo vya afya mbali mbali (dispensaries) lakini hao ni wale wenye hadhi ya diploma kwenda chini. Mimi ntaongelea wenye hadhi ya degree, ili angalau uone uzito wao. Wenye hadhi hii wengi utawakuta hospitali za wilaya, mkoa mpaka taifa na kimataifa, hivyo ni watu wenye umuhimu mkubwa sana kama ifuatavyo.

   1.  NURSES:

 Opportunities available:

•          Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSc N)
•          Bachelor of Science in Nursing (Management) (BScN Management)
•          Bachelor of Science in Midwifery (BScM)- wakunga

Mistakanely watu wanadhani nursing ni kwa women tu. Si hvyo. Nurse ni mtu yoyote anaweza kuwa na kazi yake kubwa ni kuhandle caring ya mgonjwa and sometimes wana assist operations. Na mda mwingine kama katika kujifungua kwa kina mama kwa kawaida wao ndo wahusika wakuu.

“Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has come to shape the historic public image of nurses as care providers. 

"Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient's family and other team members, that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life. Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of an interdisciplinary health care team such as therapists, medical practitioners and dietitians.”(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing)

    

  2.PHARMACISTS:

Opportunities: Bachelor of pharmacy

Mistakenly watu wanadhani hawa ndo wale wanaokaa kuuza dawa kwenye pharmacy. It maybe true, some of them stay in the pharmacies but not because they studied to work there but rather just a matter of choice and self employment. Wao ndo wahusika wakuu wa dawa tunazotumia, wakipima uwezo wa kila dawa, madhara yake n.k.

“Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. A pharmacist is a member of the health care team directly involved with patient care. Pharmacists undergo university-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring parameters. Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians, and other health care providers.” (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist)

         3.   DOCTOR:

Opportunities:

•         Doctor of Medicine
•          Doctor of Dental surgery (East Africa ipo Muhimbili University na Nairobi university tu)-Mtaalamu wa meno

Huyu yeye tumemzoea na ndo tunayemjua siku zote na kumuona tunapokwenda hospitali, daktari. Swali ni kwamba kwanini watalamu wa meno huwa wanachukuliwa ni madaktari wa kipekee? Kwa sababu watu hawa husoma miaka mitano na badala ya kuwa madaktari wa kawaida wao wanakuwa watalamu wa meno moja kwa moja. Hapo ndo utakapojua kuwa mwili wa binadamu unahitaji uangalizi na ulinzi mkubwa kwani meno tu yamepewa hadhi ya kipekee.

     

     4. LAB TECHS (wataalamu wa maabara)

Opportunities:

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Clinical Chemistry (BMLS Clin.Chem)

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Haematology and Blood Transfusion (BMLS Haem.BT)

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Histotechnology (BMLS Histotech.)

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Microbiology and Immunology (BMLS Micro.Immunol.)

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Parasitology and Medical Entomology (BMLS Para.Entomol.)

·         Bachelor of medical Laboratory Sciences General Degree.

Watu hawa ni wataalamu wa maabara. Watu hawa wana kazi kubwa sana. Mfano, pale HOSPITALI YA TAIFA MUHIMBILI kuna central pathology lab. Jengo hili linafanya kazi kubwa sana mfano kupima kila aina ya magonjwa kutoka kwenye sampuli za wagonjwa wote wa hospitali ya taifa, huusika kwenye kuchangia damu na kuihifadhi. Hivyo hawa kazi yao ndo itaamua kwa kiasi kikubwa kama alichohisi daktari ni kweli au lah!

So we need these people so much and their work is highly in constant need of specialists in this field.

5.       RADIATION THERAPIST (watalamu wa mionzi)

Opportunities: Bachelor of Science in Radiation Therapy Technology (BSc RTT)

Watu hawa wanaojua umuhimu wao ni wale waliokwisha fanyiwa X-ray, CT-scan, Ultrasound au kutibiwa kansa kwa mionzi. Watu hawa ni wataalamu wa mambo yote katika sekta ya afya yanayohusu mionzi.

Kansa ni tatizo kubwa sana linalotabiriwa kuongezeka kwa kasi sana. Watu hawa kwa kiasi kikubwa husaidia matibabu kwa mionzi katika ugonjwa huu wa hatari sana. Hivyo wanaumuhimu mkubwa sana na wanahajika.

6.       Health Environmentalist (wataalamu wa Afya mazingira):

Opportunities: Bachelor of Science in Environmental Health (BSc. Env. Health)

Watu hawa hawakutani na sisi moja kwa moja lakini wao ndo wahusika wakuu wa mazingira yetu. Kwani magonjwa yanatoka wapi? Si kwenye mazingira yetu? Wao huchunguza mazingira, kufanya tafiti na huweza kutabiri magonjwa mapya na kuangalia namna gani tunaweza kurekebisha mazingira yetu hata mda mwingine kufanya magonjwa kuwa historia. Labda ndo chanzo cha baadhi ya nchi kutokuwa na magonjwa mengine tunayoyafahamu katika nchi zao. Wana mchango mkubwa sana. Ni watu wa NGO’s hawa na opportunities za kutumika na Umoja wa mataifa (UNO).

 Unajua kinga ni bora kuliko tiba. Sasa, ukitibiwa kipindu pindu kwa mfano, halafu usipobadili mazingira na kuyaweka safi itakuwa kazi bure sababu utarudi kwenye ugonjwa ule ule. Hivyo kazi ya watu hawa ni kuhakikisha kuwa ikitokea bahati mbaya umeumwa, usiumwe tena.

Kuna mchanganyiko wa mambo hapa. Kuna wanaosoma Environmental engineering hao sitawagusia kwasababu wao hawajabobea katika mazingira kiAfya, wao ni wahandisi wa mazingira mfano kutafuta namna ya kutengeneza vyanzo rafiki vya nishati na kulinda uchafuzi wa mazingira au kuhakikisha viwanda vinatengenezwa katika teknolojia ambayo haiharibu mazingira.

   

      7. Viungo bandia:(hii inapatikana KCMC tu kwa sasa)

Opportuinities: Orthopaedic Technologists na Prothetist/Orthotist

Watu hawa, kama inavyojieleza hapo, wanahusika katika utengenezaji na utumiaji wa viungo bandia. Kuwapa mazoezi watu waliopata ajali na kuhakikisha wanapewa tiba mbadala hasa inapotokea matatizo ya ulemavu. Kwa ajali hizi za barabarani zinazoendelea hasa bodaboda, hii inaweza kuwa fursa nzuri sana kama utaweza kusoma na kuamua kuanzisha kampuni yako ya viungo bandia kwani hapa nchini sekta hii ipo wazi sana (hajapewa kipaumbele sana na serikali).

Conclussion/Reccomendation: Watu hawa ni wa muhimu sana. Ila huwezi kutambua umuhimu wako mpaka pale watakapokuwa katikati ya maisha yako na kifo. Wanajitoa sadaka sana na wanajiweka katika hatari ya kila namna.

 Hawa ni watu wa kwanza kupata ugonjwa wowote wa maambukizi mapya kutoka kwa wagonjwa. Ndiyo maana tunachomwa chanjo mbalimbali kujilinda.

Tumejitolea maisha yetu kwajili yako, hivyo pindi upatapo shida tuone hasa kabla tatizo halijawa kubwa. TUPO KWAJILI YAKO.

Sekta ya Afya ni sekta yenye fursa nyingi sana. Kwasababu, utafanya yote lakini Afya itabaki kuwa sekta muhimu sana kwenye jamii. Fursa ni nyingi sana kupita maelezo. 

Asanteni.

Errors in measurements-lesson 2

Its a good brief lesson. Includes estimation of errors in graph and very clear thorough explanations. Welcome and feel at home. For questions and consultation contact me 0714949061 Whatsapp and 0785071020 normal texts, don't hesitate! Thank you.

HEALTHY DRINKING PART 2

WELCOME TO THE PARTY OF THE PART 2 OF HEALTHY DRINKING

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
2017hrs 22nd July 2016

Hello, welcome to free healthy information. Its your right to be informed. We shall end the week this time with our part two about healthy dinking of which since part one we had four main objectives which are:
1.WHAT IS THE HEALTHY AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?
2.WARNING TO OUR NUTRITION WHILE WE DRINK
3.A TIME WHEN DRINKING CAN BE LIFE THREATENING
4.GOUT PROBLEM AFTER DRINKING AND CONSUMING MEAT

Today we will finish the remaining two.

Karibu tuzungumze,

Kuna haka kaugonjwa kanaitwa "gout" kwa lugha ya kitaalamu. Ugonjwa huu hutupata sana sisi tunaokunywa vilevi.
Naomba ieleweke wazi kuwa ugonjwa huu hausababishwi na Kinywaji chako, bali ni kutokana na mkusanyiko mkubwa wa "Uric acid" kwenye viungo(joints) hasa miguuni.
Uric acid ni kemikali inayopatikana kutokana na mwili ku digest nyama. Hivyo mtu akila nyama kupita kiasi anauwezekano mkubwa wa kupata ugonjwa huu.

INAHUSIANA VIPI NA KILEVI?
Mara nyingi sisi tunaokunywa hivi vinywaji vyetu, tunasindikiza na nyama choma. Sasa pombe kama chanzo kinaweza kusababisha ukala nyama na kusababisha mkusanyiko mkubwa wa Uric acid kwenye viungo vyako. Mkusanyiko huu unategemea sana na uwezo wa mwili wako wa kuvumilia mkusanyiko huo hivyo hutegemeana na mtu na mtu na hali ya mwili wako.
Hivyo, unywapo kinywaji chako unashauriwa kuangalia kiasi cha nyama unayokula.

Ugonjwa huu huanza kusikika na mtu hasa asubuhi ukiamka unahisi maumivu makali kwenye viungo vya mwili. Ikikupata hali hii usiogope na dawa ipo na unatibika vizuri tu. Muone daktari atakupatia dawa.

WAKATI WA HATARI YA MAISHA KUNYWA POMBE:
Pombe(alcohol), ni "dehydrating agent", yani ni kitu amabcho kikiingia mwilini kina ushawishi mwili kupoteza maji mara nyingi kwa mkojo (diuretic,diuresis).
Wakati wa joto kali ambapo umepoteza maji mengi mwilini kwa jasho au baada ya kufanya mazoezi au kazi iliyokufanya utoe jasho jingi na kupoteza maji mwilini haishauriwi kabisa unywe kilevi.
Hii ni kwasababu, utafanya mwili upoteze maji zaidi na unaweza kusababisha kitu tunaita "circulatory shock". Hii hali ni hatari kwa maisha yako kwani inapunguza damu sehemu muhimu kama kwenye ubongo au figo na huwenda ikasababisha madhara makubwa ambayo huweza kuhatarisha maisha(life threatening).

Otherwise niwatakie weekend njema. Tukutane tena jumatatu kuongelea kuhusu mambo yetu ya kiafya.

JUST REMEMBER, EXCESSIVE DRINKING BEYOND SAFE LEVELS(REFER TO PART ONE) HAS A HIGH RISK OF DEVELOPING LIVER DISEASE(CIRRHOSIS), A VERY DANGEROUS DISEASE ALSO SOME CANCERS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS OF ALL KINDS ARE LINKED TO HISTORY OF ALCOHOL BEYOND SAFE LEVELS.

IF YOU ARE TRYING TO LIMIT TO SAFE LEVELS AND YOU FEEL YOU ARE FAILING. SEE A DOCTOR (MAY BE A SIGN OF ADDICTION)

ON MY WAY TO TAKE MY TWO BOTTLES OF CASTLE LITE TO MEET REQUIREMENTS OF THE DAY... 


PLEASE DRINK RESPONSIBLY. 

Until next time

HEALTHY DRINKING PART 1

DRINK, ENJOY AND REMAIN HEALTHY

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences) 

1100hrs 20th July 2016

Telling someone to stop drinking is like telling a drug addict to stop abusing drugs which realistically its so impossible. Am here not to pursuade you not to take alcohol but trying to make sure that while you drink, you enjoy and you remain healthy. They say ,"acha kufananisha pombe na mambo ya kijinga" so am not going there. Stay with me and learn how to enjoy safe drinking.

Karibu tuzungumze:

We shall evaluate and concentrate in 4 main aspects but concentrate in the first two for this part 1:

1.WHAT IS THE HEALTHY AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?
2.WARNING TO OUR NUTRITION WHILE WE DRINK
3.A TIME WHEN DRINKING CAN BE LIFE THREATENING
4.GOUT PROBLEM AFTER DRINKING AND CONSUMING MEAT

I drink and am an alcohol user. But all I do, is to watch how much do I take regarding to preservation of my health. In latin they say ,"Otium cum dignitate". Lesisure with dignity. Its this dignity i want to talk to you today. The dignity of limiting to safe levels of alcohol consumption. The healthy dignity.

It is recommended by experts:

• Men should drink no more than 14 units of alcohol per week, no more than four units in any one day and have at least two alcohol-free days a week.
• Women should drink no more than 14 units of alcohol per week, no more than three units in any one day and have at least two alcohol-free days a week.
• Pregnant women. Advice from the Department of Health states that ... "pregnant women or women trying to conceive should not drink alcohol at all. If they do choose to drink, to minimise the risk to the baby, they should not drink more than 1-2 units of alcohol once or twice a week and should not get drunk". ( http://patient.info/health/alcohol-and-sensible-drinking)

The question here now is how much is one unit? We have a brief summary in pictures about this where ABV (alcohol By volume) below. Unit value for our common Tanzanian beer is allocated below in each picture:

2.5 Units

1.4 Units

2.8 Units

1.8 Units

2.3 Units

2 Units( Inafanana na Tusker ingawa zina ujazo tofauti)

FOR WINES AND SPIRITS:

credit to:http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/alcohol/Pages/alcohol-units.aspx

That means that our Normal castle lite, we are adviced not to take more than one two bottles and one and a half to two for the others.

2.MEALS WHILE DRINKING
It has been found that most of people who drink, they skip nutritious meals. It is a behaviour and a custom that when you take a beer, you accompany it with well made meat. But, build a habit of eating well before drinking especially if you know that there after you will drink. Otherwise you will be eating meat only and miss so many other nutrients. It is for this reason as to why people who drink too much have a certain appearance which from outside one can know you. Most drinking people usually have a problem of  malnutrition and deficiency of vitamins.

JUST REMEMBER, EXCESSIVE DRINKING BEYOND THIS LEVELS HAVE A HIGH RISK OF DEVELOPING LIVER DISEASE(CIRRHOSIS), A VERY DANGEROUS DISEASE AND SOME CANCERS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS OF ALL KINDS ARE LINKED TO HISTORY OF ALCOHOL BEYOND SAFE LEVELS.

IF YOU ARE TRYING TO LIMIT TO SAFE LEVELS AND YOU FEEL YOU ARE FAILING. SEE A DOCTOR (MAY BE A SIGN OF ADDICTION)

ON MY WAY TO TAKE MY TWO BOTTLES OF CASTLE LITE TO MEET REQUIREMENTS OF THE DAY... 


PLEASE DRINK RESPONSIBLY. 
STAY TUNED FOR PART 2 TOMORROW.

LETS SHARE EXPERIENCE MY BROTHERS AND SISTERS

UNIVERSITY APPLICATIONS ADVICE TO FORM VI 2016

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences) 

2030hrs 19th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Dear, Form VI 2016. Before all I congratulate you all for your successful completion of studies. Wengi walitamani kufika hapo lakini hawajafika na pengine hawatafika huko mnakoelekea sasa. Welcome in the system of "study-kifanyie mtihani-kipotezee" life. Napenda kuwashirikisha experience yangu ya kuapply vyuo, mwaka jana kwa sababu ya rafiki zangu wengi kukosa vyuo walivyotaka au course wanazotaka. Ntaelezea kila step na umuhimu wake na recommendation(ushauri).

    First, you are required to know the in and out of  atleast three to five alternative courses you wish to study in the university make consultations from your recent brothers and sisters especially those who are in the same field as your dream's. We were required to fill in three to five courses in our application, in order of priority i.e, if Medicine is your first priority, put it first. If pharmacy is the second, put it second. Au unaweza kujaza, 1st priority chuo cha muhimbili, 2nd hiyo hiyo MD chuo cha Bugando.
Umuhimu: Itakusaidia sana especially kama usipofikia vigezo vya course na chuo husika, au kama una vigezo lakini chuo kimeshajaa na kuna watu wenye vigezo zaidi yako waliochaguliwa kwanza especially kama watu walio apply hiyo course wamefaulu sana mwaka wenu.
Ushauri: Ni vema kabla hujapanga priority, hakikisha ume evaluate roughly ufaulu wa watu wanao apply hiyo course ili kujua competition iliyopo. Usijekujikuta unagrade za kawaida halafu uka apply vyuo vikubwa vyote mwanzo na vyenye competition kubwa ukakosa vyote kutokana na watu wengi kufaulu sana kupita wewe. Ni bora uka apply chuo cha kawaida tu chenye ubora. Mfano, its very likely kama una DIV II mfano ya 12 PCB mwaka huu hutapata MUHIMBILI atleast for MD. Sasa hakuna ulazima wa kukiweka mwanzo then pili ukaweka UD ambacho unajua kabisa idadi ya wanaochukuliwa UD ukihesabu tu wenye DIV II inayokuidi wanajaza UD tayari. Option ya tatu utakuta wenzako wenye grade kama yako wameshajaa waliojaza 1st priority then ukakosa vyote. Ukabaki na vyuo vya kawaida sana ambavyo hukuwahi kutegemea kusoma na huenda usiridhike nacho. So kwanini mtu kama wewe usijaze tu UD, pili KCMC  then Bugando etc. Hapa utakuwa nachance kubwa ya kupata chuo kizuri.

Second: Don't lie yourself that you have already secured a certain university. Don't be so sure, be cautious(kuwa makini) and then the remaining choices you just fill in just for the sake of filling in gaps.
Umuhimu: Watu wengi sana mwaka jana wamejikuta 1st priority zao na 2nd wamepigwa chini. Sasa system inalazimika kukuchagua option ya tatu ambayo uliijaza ilimradi tu. Utasoma course ambayo hutaki so kuwa makini sana.
Ushauri:Tulia na pima ndoto zako na chagua alternative atleast 3 za kazi unayotaka kufanya au hata kama ni course hiyo hiyo vyuo tofauti tofauti ujaze kwa umakini siyo ilimradi tu.


Third: Take your time before you apply but not too much. Apply as soon as possible. The good thing is that when you save your application online, you can go back and edit and change things like order of priority or courses anytime you wish untill when its the deadline.
Umuhimu:Itakusaidia kuwa unajiuliza, hivi nilivyojaza ni sahihi kweli? utajiuliza maswali na mwisho wa siku unaweza kufanya changes za kuboresha mpaka ukapata unachohitaji na kukiota siku zote.
Ushauri:Usizubae kuapply na kusubiri tarehe za mwishoni, Itakucost sana na kukufanya ujaze under pressure na kusababisha kulipua na ita kugharimu.

Fourth: Follow your heart not who takes what. Don't apply a place because your best friend has applied the same place.
Umuhimu: haiko guaranteed kuwa kama mmepata DIV sawa kuwa mtapata vyuo sawa. Fuata uamuzi wako sababu chuo utasoma wewe awepo au asiwepo rafiki yako, trust me, chuo is a very wonderful place.
Ushauri: Kuwa realistic(muhalisia). Kama grade zako unaona kabisa kwa competition hii probability ya kupata ni ndogo, just open your heart na apply sehemu unazoweza kupata kirahisi. Don't risk kuapply kama mwenzako. Fuata maamuzi yako.

Fifth: Have confidence to fight and defend your dream and choices even if your family and parents force you to.
Umuhimu: wazazi wetu ni vema wakatushauri lakini jua kwamba enzi walizopita wao na tunazopita sisi ni tofauti sana. Wasikilize na zingatia kwa umakini yale wanayokushauri, kama kuna kitu unafikiri unajua zaidi na uko updated wajulishe na kuwaeleza vizuri na kwa upole na heshima wajue. Kama ni order za priority za vyuo au courses.
Ushauri: kuna rafiki yangu alipata Credit mwaka jana PCB. Kwa mwaka wetu ingekuwa ngumu sana kupata vyuo vya Medicine sababu watu walifaulu sana PCB. Sasa nyumbani wanakomaa asome Medicine, maskini akajaza Muhimbili mwanzo, UD, Bugando na KCMC. Akakosa vyote na hatimaye kuishia kusoma finance kitu amabcho hajawahi kuwaza. Namshukuru Mungu mwanzo alikua hana furaha but now amezoea na anaendelea vizuri sana.. Mtu huyu kama anapenda afya angeweza kusoma course nyingine nyingi tu za afya akapata lakini amekosa kwa sababu ya shinikizo la nyumbani hasa ukizingatia vyuo vilishajaa walio apply hizo course nyingine.

Mwisho niwashirikishe nilivyoapply mimi mwaka jana. Priority zangu zilikuwa (in order)
1.DOCTOR OF MEDICINE (MUHIMBILI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES)
2.DOCTOR MEDICINE(BUGANDO-WEILS UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH AND ALLIED SCIENCES)
 3.DOCTOR MEDICINE(KCMC)
4.DOCTOR MEDICINE( UNIVERSITY OF DSM)

Namshukuru Mungu nikapata Muhimbili.


I PRAY FOR YOU TO GET TO YOUR DREAM UNIVERSITIES. JUST REMEBER, NO MATTER WHERE YOU GO, YOU CAN ALWAYS GET BACK TO YOUR DREAM. THE ROUTE DOESNT MATTER USIKATE TAMAA. MUNGU AWABARIKI SANA NA KUWAONGOZA.

Consult me for queries and questions in comments section below for the benefit of others too

BE INFORMED, ITS YOUR RIGHT AND ITS FREE. AFYA KWANZA NDO KAULI MBIU

TOO COMMON TO BE COMMON

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)

10.04 AM, 6th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze,

Leo tutajifunza vitu vinne ambavyo tunavijua na kuviskia na pengine kupitia hali hizi baadhi ya mda. Navyo ni:

1.          HIKI KITU TUNAITA “JINAMIZI” LINALOTUKABA TUKIWA TUMELALA USIKU NI NINI?
2.            ASUBUHI NIKIAMKA, MBONA NIKIKANYAGA CHINI KISIGINO KINAUMA?
3.          HIVI, TUNAPOSIKIA MCHEZAJI KAPATA “HAMSTRING” INJURY, NJE MIEZI SITA. HIVI HIZI HARMSTRING NI NINI?

Ni haki yako kufahamu mambo yanayohusu afya yako kwa ujumla, basi twende kazi!

JINAMIZI

Ni mara nyingi tuna ndugu zetu au sisi wenyewe tumeshawahi kusikia kama tunakabwa usiku na kwa mazoea asubuhi yake huwa tunawambia watu ,”aisee, jana usiku nilikabwa na Jinamizi”.

Mtu wangu wa nguvu, Mungu wetu ni wa ajabu sana kwani huwezi amini hii ni hali ya kiafya iliyowekwa ili ikusaidie.

Mara nyingi hii ni dalili ya matatizo ya moyo. Tatizo husika hapa linaitwa “cardiac failure”. Tatizo hili huja pale ambapo Moyo wako unashindwa kusukuma damu ya kutosha ili kufika sehemu zote za mwili zinazohitaji damu.

Usiku unapokuwa umelala, kwasababu ni tofauti na ukiwa umesimama ambapo angalau force of gravity inasaidia kuvuta damu chini, sehemu kama za kwenye miguu hivyo kuisaidia damu kusambaa.

Hivyo unapolala damu inaishia kujikusanya maeneo ya juu ya mwili hasa kifuani kuchangiwa na tatizo hilo la moyo kushindwa kusukuma damu vizuri na kusababisha mtu kusikia kama kitu kizito kina kukaba au kukubana sana maeneo ya kifuani kuja juu.

Ndio maana watu wa namna hii watashtuka usiku ili damu isambae sehemu nyingine za mwili pale anaposhtuka na kuinuka.

Hivyo ni vema ukamwona daktari mapema ili kukufanyia uchunguzi Zaidi.

KISIGINO KUUMA ASUBUHI

Mwili wa binadamu ni kitu kilichotengenezwa kwa umakini sana kisigino chako kimeumbwa kubeba uzito wako siku nzima unapotembea.

 Kisigino chako ni moja ya mfupa iliopo miguuni. Mfupa huu kwa chini(kwenye nyayo) kuna tishu inayoitwa kitalamu “Plantar fascia” inayoiunganisha na sehemu ya mbele ya mguu wako.

Tishu hii maskini inakumbana na mengi kila siku kutegema na utembeaji wa mtu na kwa kawaida inasaidia sana kulinda nyayo hasa sehemu yake ya katikati.

Kwa watu ambao wanatembea sana au kusimama kwa mda mrefu sana au chochote kitakachopeleka pressure kubwa kwenye kisigino hivyo kuilazimu kufanya kazi kuliko kawaida (overstretching) , kuna uwezekano wa kuumiza tishu hii hivyo kuisababisha kuvimba.

Itakapovimba ndipo kisigino kitakapokuwa kigumu na kuwa na maumivu kama uvimbe mwingine tu na kuja kushtuka asubuhi unapoamka na kuanza kutembea.

Unaweza kupunguza maumivu kwa kufanya zoezi la kunyosha nyosha mguu wako ukistretch unyayo wako na kupumzisha miguu yako. Uvimbe huu utapungua na kuisha.

HARMSTRING

Mara nyingi kwenye mpira wa miguu tumeona wachezaji wanapigiwa pasi wanaiacha ipite tu na kushindwa kuifanyia chochote hata baada ya hapo huishia kushika nyuma ya paja chini kidogo na kuomba kutolewa. Baada ya hapo tunasikia, “nje miezi sita”

Harmstring ni mkusanyiko wa misuli mitatu(majina yake ni magumu kidogo kitaalamu). Misuli hii ipo sehemu ya nyuma ya paja sehemu yote mpaka kushuka chini karibu na usawa wa goti.

Kazi kubwa ya misuli hii ni kukunja goti. Hivyo ukizi “over stretch” hizi muscles ndipo tatizo huanza la “harmstring” injury hivyo kushindwa kukunja goti au kukunja goti kwa maumivu makali. Hii hutibiwa kitaalamu na watalamu wa mambo ya mifupa na misuli (orthopaeditricians)

That’s all for today.

Measurements(with dimensional analysis)-lesson 1

Habari ya mda huu mtu wangu wa nguvu. Nakuletea series za Lessons za Advanced Physics. Tunaanza na hii Lesson ya kwanza. Ninayofuraha kutimiza ahadi yangu kwenu. Lesson 1 is all about Measurements(with dimensional analysis). I hope it will be useful to the Tanzanian Community.
 Welcome.
This will be a weekly programme. New videos will be released each week on regular basis.

Contact me for further questions and consultation: 0785071020/0714949061(whats app)

UNAPATA HEDHI ZENYE MAUMIVU? SULUHISHO LIPO HAPA(PAINFUL MENSTRUATION- DYSMENORRHEA)

HEDHI SALAMA ZISIZO NA MAUMIVU

Helleminigilder Ndangalasi (MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)

0030hrs 16th July 2016

Labda sio mara nyingi lakini nimekutana na wanawake mbalimbali wakilalamika kuhusu kupata hedhi zinazoambatana na maumivu kile watalamu wanaita “dysmenorrhea”. Mimi mwenyewe nikiwa mhanga wa hili mara nyingi mpaka pale nilipopata suluhisho. Ndipo nilipojua, anha… Kumbe na mimi naweza kupata hedhi zisizokuwa na maumivu yoyote.

BASI LEO TUTAJIBU MASWALI MAKUU MAWILI:

1.NINI KINASABABISHA MAUMIVU HAYA?

2. NTAFANYAJE KUPATA SULUHISHO LA HII HALI?

Karibu tuzungumze,

Hedhi kwa kawaida , ile damu hutoka kwasababu yai ulilotengeneza ili lirutubishwe na shahawa za mwanaume kwa bahati mbaya halijarutubishwa hivyo hilo yai pamoja na kuta za mfuko wa uzazi zilizoandaliwa kumpokea mtoto ambaye angeanza kutengenezwa vinatolewa sababu havina kazi tena kwa mda huo. Labda kwasababu haukujamiiana na mwanaume yai lilipotengenezwa au labda mlitumia kinga hivyo shahawa hazikufika kwenye yai.

 Maumivu kwenye hedhi husababishwa na kemikali mwilini kitalamu zinaitwa “prostaglandins”. Hizi kazi yake kubwa ni kufanya misuli ya mfuko wa uzazi (uterus) kukakamaa kana kwamba kuna mtoto mwanamke ajifungue. Ndizo hata zinaleta uchungu wa mama anayetaka kujifungua. Sasa kwa baadhi ya wanawake wakati wa hedhi, kemikali hizi hutengenezwa hivyo kufanya misuli hii ya mfuko wa uzazi kukamaa kuliko kawaida mpaka kupelekea maumivu.

TUFANYEJE KAMA WANAWAKE?

Kabla sijasema hili kwanza naomba tukumbushie tu haraka haraka jinsi ya kuhesabu mzunguko wa hedhi ambao kwa kawaida ni wa siku kama 28 hivi.

Je, unakumbuka mara ya mwisho ulivyopata hedhi? Hi indo ilikua siku ya kwanza ya mzunguko huo. Hedhi huwa zinaweza kuchukua siku 3 mpaka 5 kwa wengine. Siku ya 14 kuanzia siku ya kwanza ya hedhi au siku moja kabla au baada ndipo yai linatolewa tayari kurutubishwa. Kama likirutubishwa, utapata ujauzito lakini kama lisipo rutubishwa tunategema litatoka kama hedhi baada ya siku kama 14 nyingine utakapoanza mzunguko mpya. Jumla huwa siku kwa kawaida 28 ingawa zinaweza kuongezeka au kupungua kutokana na vitu kama msongo wa mawazo(stress) lakini ni vizuri ukamwona daktari kwa uchunguzi zaidi.

Ukiwa unapata hedhi zenye maumivu KAMWE USIKIMBILIE KUNYWA DAWA ZA KUTULIZA MAUMIVU KAMA PANADOL HASA BILA USHAURI WA DAKTARI, TUMIA PALE UNAPOSHAURIWA NA DAKTARI TU.

   

Jiwekee utaratibu wa kufanya mazoezi ya mwili siku zinazokaribia siku ya 14, kuanzia siku ya 12 mpaka 16 hivi. Ruka Kamba , kimbia ukiweza n.k. Vizuri kama ukifanya mazoezi kuwa sehemu yako ya maisha kabisa ukiachana na siku za hedhi tu, ina umuhimu mkubwa wa kiafya pia ukizingatia itakutengezea mwili unaovutia.

TUFANYE MAZOEZI. MIMI NACHEZA BASKETBALL, WEWE JE? #MSOLWA SEC SCHOOL

Vaziri et al.,(2015) anatuambia, ”Both aerobic and stretching exercises were effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhea. Therefore, women could choose one of these two methods with regard to their interest and lifestyle.”

Mtalamu mwingine aliyafanya tafiti yake kwa kuangalia mazoezi ya Yoga yanapunguzaje hedhi zenye maumivu akahitimisha kuwa,” yoga interventions may reduce menstrual cramps and menstrual distress in female undergraduate students with primary dysmenorrhea”.(Yang & Kim, 2016)

Pia Ortiz et al (2015) anasema ,”Strengthening, stretching and muscle relaxation techniques, in addition to jogging, are effective for reducing dysmenorrheic symptoms when they are regularly performed.”

TAHADHARI: MAUMIVU YAKIZIDI AU YAKIENDELEA MUONE DAKTARI HARAKA, KUNA UWEZEKANO WA MAGONJWA MENGINE KUWA CHANZO KAMA “ENDOMETRIOSIS” (TUTAZUNGUMZIA SIKU NYINGINE)

Tafadhali wasiliana nasi, tujulishe kama imekusaidia na pia kama una maswali.

 Mpaka tutakapokutana siku nyingine.

Asanteni sana

References:

Ortiz MI1, Cortés-Márquez SK2, Romero-Quezada LC3, Murguía-Cánovas G4, J.-D. A. (2015). Effect of a physiotherapy program in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26319652

Vaziri, F., Hoseini, A., Kamali, F., Abdali, K., Hadianfard, M., & Sayadi, M. (2015). Comparing the effects of aerobic and stretching exercises on the intensity of primary dysmenorrhea in the students of universities of bushehr. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 9(1), 23–8. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25904964

Yang, N.-Y., & Kim, S.-D. (2016). Effects of a Yoga Program on Menstrual Cramps and Menstrual Distress in Undergraduate Students with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). http://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0058

MADHARA YA KIAFYA YANAYOTARAJIWA KUIKUMBA DAR ES SALAAM

POSSIBLE IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENT IN OUR HEALTH IN THE COMING YEARS

Constantine Ntanguligwa (MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)

2300hrs 13th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

THE TWO BIG QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED:

1.        WHY AND WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS?
2.          WHAT SHOULD BE DONE? THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE YOU PLAN BUILDING YOUR FUTURE HOUSE

The environment is everything that sorrounds us. We are perhaps surrounded by so many things, some of which are too useful and some which are too harmful.

None the less, research shows that active communiting is adviced to people in Tanzania today especially in DSM region and analogous places.

What is active communiting?

This is the situation whereby a person socializes with people and not just isolated at his or her home locked up. When at home, go out on foot meet neighbours and survey environment around you. Do physical exercises At your work place, speak to people and socialize. Move from one place to another. Stand , walk and talk to people whlist enjoying your work.

Active communiting is found to reduce risk of some diseases already at its extent like cardiovascular and obesity.

HOW DOES THE ENVIRONMENT SUPPORT ACTIVE COMMUNITING?

When the environment around you is so congested, you lack even places to do physical exercises. To some places even to just sit outside and enjoy fresh air is not available.

Take an example of a person whose house is at a location where there are so many thieves and robbers. This would discourage any activity to be done outside and eventually affect active communiting.

WHAT IS HAPPENING TO DAR ES SALAAM?

Currently DSM is faced by a problem of heavy road traffic jam. This causes most of people working at the middle of the city to be so inactive community wise.

If a person can wake up at 4 am because of the fear of traffic jam, reaches work place at 7 am. Starts working at 7.30 am. Lunch break and tea break at the middle eating and utilizing junk foods like Chips. Resumes working and leaves work at 4 pm. This person because of traffic jam reaches home at 7 pm so tired. Needs to fulfil home responsibilities, drink beer, needs to watch movies and needs to watch football and sleep early for the next tiresome day. This way it goes on like that the vicious circle of poor health.

This is just one example. There are many others like excessive usage of cars where the environment creates the need of cars to be early for work and to give and get services on time.

A country like Netherlands, the infrastructure is so well planned to the extent that people use bikes to go for work which burns so many calories compared to a person who drives a car. Infact, bikes have no pollution to the environment which is another great advantage.

HEALTH IMPACTS:

It has been found that this environment in DSM is expected to get worse if uncontrolled and so many people are expected to have cardiovascular problems like hypertension, obesity and diabetis to say the least. Impaired glucose tolerance, high cholesterol levels – tomorrow’s disease developing.

Nyaruhucha, et al., (2003) determined the prevalence rates and level of awareness of obesity among people of different age groups in Morogoro Municipality

Results: Prevalence of obesity among the sampled subjects was 25 %, whereby 15.7% had a BMI between 25 and 30, and 9.3% had a BMI of 30+

Conclusion: Obesity is increasingly becoming a public health problem in Morogoro Municipality, and probably in many other places in Tanzania.

Villamor, et al., (2006) in DSM, Estimated prevalence of obesity [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) 30 or more in 73,689 aged 14-52.

Results: The prevalence of obesity rose steadily and progressively from 3.6% in 1995 to 9.1% in 2004.

Conclusion: The recent, rapid, and large increase in the prevalence of obesity among women represents a new competing public health priority in urban Tanzania, where underweight and wasting have not decreased substantially. 

Kafyulilo & Mafumiko (2010) among school children 13.5% children, were overweight and obese Economy status, household occupations, nutrition and inactivity were significant causes of overweight and obesity, Hypertension, excessive sweating, teasing and peer rejection were common to obese children. Overweight and obese children were reported to underperform in academic and physical activities

BMC Public Health (2011;11:365) in Kinodoni district 25% of women are obese, compared to around 9% of men prevalent in people with high SES (29%), compared to medium (14%) or low (11%) SES. Married or cohabitating people were more likely to be obese also widows and widowers were also at a greater risk for obesity. So, overall obesity prevalence in the Kinondoni municipality (19%) is higher compared to other parts of the country. (http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/business/-/22651-tanzania-not-immune-to-lifestyle-diseases).

Result of increased/on-going development in science and technology. Traditional activities that required moving muscles have been “converted” into sitting.

•          Automobile automatic vs. manual. Increasing number of automatic cars, computers, headsets/phones and other electronic devices 
•          Washing machines
•          Cooking facilities/equipments
•          Elevators
•          Improper management of broken down pieces
•          Increasing junky food outlets
•          Increasing white color jobs and positions – working environment

WHAT CAN WE DO, AND THINGS TO CONSIDER BEFORE BUILDING YOUR DREAM HOUSE:

•          Active lifestyles: stand/walk for 2 hrs reduces 9% of obesity and 24% of diabetes – not necessarily in a gym
•          Progressively cut down TV watching time
•          Encourage regular activity, taking balanced nutritious diet
•          Cut down other sedentary behaviors: in office, computer, handsets/phones – take micro-brakes

Find a place which is not so congested if possible. Find a place and leave enough piece of land at your house for physical activities, a place where even your own children can play outside. A secure place where you can go out for a walk. If otherwise buy a bicycle and cycle for some minutes if you can, this can burn for you enough calories in a short time especially if you have a very busy daily schedule. Walk where there is a possibility of walking.

Wish you a successful happy life in Tanzania to come. Your health is under your full control.

Karibu kwa maswali…