Circular motion-lesson 10

Consists of well covered circular motion. Well arranged concepts like conical pendulum, looping a loop and other applications in basis that will help you to build strongly concept after concept. At the end, there is no question that will be new to you. Welcome. We apologize and we are very sorry for the audio quality.

Projectile Motion-lesson 9

Welcome to lesson 9. Consists a well covered subtopic of projectile motion. Concepts well arranged in order for you to understand. At the end, there would be no projectile question to give you trouble!

Feel at home.

Newton's Laws of motion-lesson 8

This is lesson 8 of the Online Ntanguligwa Advanced physics series. Contains the topic of newton's laws of motion. Has thorough explanation on how to tackle questions involving oblique collisions, jet engine, hose pipe, ballistic pendulum, concurrent forces and motion of connected bodies.

Become a master and an expert in this topic. Stay with me, Welcome

Electronics(part 3-Telecommunication)-lesson 7

This is part 3 and last part in the topic of electronics in this Ntanguligwa Online advanced series! Telecommunication is extensively covered. Its a very interesting topic.

 Welcome. Contact:0714949061(whats app), 0785071020

ADHABU NA MABADILIKO YA TABIA-AFYA

ADHABU AU MAONYO KATIKA KUBADILI TABIA YA MTU

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
 1215hrs 24th August 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Ni wangapi tumechapwa na wazazi wetu baada ya kukosea nyumbani? Ni wangapi tumepigwa na rula vidoleni na mwalimu mwalimu wa hesabu pale ambapo tumekosea kujumlisha darasani? Ni wangapi tumewanyima chakula wafanyakazi wetu wa ndani sababu alisahau kumbadilisha mwanao nepi? Lakini pia, ni wangapi wamewachoma moto vidole watoto wao kwasababu ya udokozi?

Labda kabla sijaanza, niseme kwanini nimeamua kuongelea kuhusu adhabu leo. Afya ya binadamu, Si pale tu ambapo mtu anaumwa au kutokuumwa magonjwa mbalimbali kama malaria. Afya hujumisha maisha yote ya mwanadamu. Hali yake kimwili, kiakili(kisaikolojia), mazingira anayoishi na jamii kwa ujumla. Vyote hivi ni "afya" ya mwanadamu.

Adhabu ni kitu kinachotambulika na kukubalika katika ulimwengu wa wanasaikolojia. Adhabu hutumika kama njia ya kufanya mtu asirudie kosa endapo tu itatolewa kwa usahihi. Leo tutajua nakujibu maswali yafuatayo:

1. ADHABU INAWEZA KUSABABISHA KOSA LISIRUDIWE AU KUTOSABABISHA MABADILIKO YOYOTE, JE ADHABU INATAKIWA KUWA VIPI?
2. BAADA YA KUTOA ADHABU, JE KUNA KITU NATAKIWA KUFANYA ILI NIHAKIKISHE INAFANYA KAZI INAVYOTAKIWA?

Kwa mazoea, huwa tunamfanyia mtu vitendo au matukio yasiyomridhisha au yasiyompendeza au yanayokatisha tamaa mtu mara tu baada ya kufanya kosa au kuonesha tabia mbaya ambayo hupelekea mabadiliko ya tabia hiyo. Huweza kuwa faini, kufungwa, kupigwa, kufelishwa, kufukuzwa kazi/shule na kupewa barua ya onyo. Vitu hivi huitwa "aversive events" kwenye saikolojia, hili ni somo lefu linalojitegemea.

Adhabu ni kitendo yakuikandamiza tabia mbaya kwa kufanya vitendo hai(active supression). Adhabu si lazima ilete maumivu kwa mtu. Adhabu hutofautiana kuanzia zile zinazoleta madhara madogo mpaka zile zinazoweza kupelekea ulemavu wa mtu kabisa ila mwisho wa siku lengo la mtoaji likiwa kubadili mienendo mibaya kwa mlengwa.

Adhabu huweza kuwa kwa mifumo mitatu au aina tatu:

• "Aversive events" kama nilivyoielezea hapo juu.
• Kuondoa faida zinazodhaniwa kuwepo na muhusika au raha baada ya kufanya kosa flani au kuwa na tabia mbaya. Hasa kwa watoto.
• Kufanya kazi ili kukandamiza tabia flani.

1.AVERSIVE EVENTS:

Hizi hugawanyika sehemu mbili. 

• Sehemu ya kwanza ni pale ambapo utamfanyia mtu kwa vitendo atakavyohisi kwa kuona au kugusa(physical perception) mfano kwa mupata maumivu. Kama vile kumchapa fimbo au kumfinya masikio kama ni mtoto.
• Sehemu ya pili ni pale ambapo utamfanyia vitu atakavyohisi kiakili kuwa si sahihi mfano, pale atakapotaka kufanya kosa halafu ukatikisa kichwa kumaanisha hapana. Pale atakapofanya kosa halafu ukakunja uso akajua umekasirishwa na anachofanya hivyo hutambua akilini mwake na kuacha mara moja, pale atakapofanya kosa halafu ukamnyoshea kidole au pale atakapo kuomba kwenda club na ukamwambia hapana kila mara mwisho wa siku ataona kuwa hauridhishwi nacho kisha akaacha kukuomba.

2.KUONDOA "FAIDA"/RAHA

Kama nilivyosema hapo awali kuwa, kuna watu ambao hufanya makosa au huwa na tabia mbaya inayoendelea kwasababu kuna faida anayoiona yeye anaipata baada ya kufanya hayo. Mfano mtoto asipofanya kazi za shuleni nyumbani kwasababu ya TV ukamkataza kuangalia TV kwa wiki moja. Atahisi anapitwa kama ni tamthilia na mara nyingine hatarudia hasa atakapofika shuleni na kukuta wenzake wanasimuliana kilichotokea kwenye tamthilia jana yake. Kama anapewa Ada akalipe na halipi kwa wakati na kwenda kufanya matumizi yake na hatimaye kukopa kwa wenzake na kulipa ada kwa kuchelewa labda kwa mazoea kuwa hafanywi kitu akimwelezea("kumdanganya danganya kwa maneno kidogo") mwalimu mkuu huwa anamuacha hivyo mnaweka faini kubwa isiyohitaji maelezo ambapo ataacha kwa kuona hamna maelezo tena yanayosikilizwa bali ni faini tu. Au kutoruhusiwa kuja shule mpaka utakapolipa hata kama unasababu ya msingi ya kutolipa.

3.KUFANYA KAZI

Hapa ni pale mtu anapofanya kosa au kuonesha tabia mbaya na kufanyishwa kazi kama malipizi ya tabia hiyo. Kazi hii mara nyingi huhusiana moja kwa moja na kosa lile na huweza kuwa kulazimishwa kufanya kinyume chake. mfano, mtu anapotupa takataka ovyo nje, utamwambia asafishe uwanja wote. mtoto anapomwaga chakula mezani makusudi huweza kuambiwa asafishe meza na kudeki sehemu wanayotumia kula, lakini pia mtu anapokosea kuandika jina lake utamwambia aliandike kwa usahihi mara 50.

Kunakitu tunaita "reinforcements"/viimarishi. Zenyewe hutumika kuendeleza tabia fulani. Mfano, mtoto wako anapofaulu halafu ukampa zawadi ya kitu alichokuwa anakitamani sana, hii itamjengea hamu ya kuendelea kufanya juhudi za kufaulu aendelee kupata zawadi hizo. Si lazima kutoa vitu, unaweza kuimarisha tabia kwa kunyima pia. Mfano, kama wafanyakazi wako wana sheria ya kumaliza kazi ijumaa na kwa wasiomaliza kwa wakati hutakiwa kurudi kazini wikendi lakini wanaomaliza ijumaa wanapata likizo wikendi. Kuwambia warudi wikendi ni kuwanyima uhuru ambao utapelekea kufanya kazi kwa bidii na kuimarisha tabia hii ya kumaliza kwa wakati.

TOFAUTI YA REINFORCEMENTS/VIIMARISHI NA PUNISHMENT/ADHABU: viimarishi hulenga hasa kuimarisha tabia fulani na adhabu hulenga kukandamiza tabia flani.

Hivi vinaingiliana na huweza kuchanganywa lakini ni vitu tofauti. Hii inamaanisha ni vema vitu hivi viwili vikatumika kwa pamoja. Mfano, mtoto anapokuwa na kiburi, unaweza kumchapa fimbo na matokeo yake anaweza kukuchukia na kukuona mbaya lakini kwa yale mazuri aliyonayo ukimpongeza baadaye atabadilika na kukuona kumbe si kama alivyokudhania una malengo mazuri na yeye. Hivyo inashauriwa kutumia njia zote mbili. Hivyo ni vema baada ya adhabu ukatafuta njii ya kuimarisha tabia nzuri uliyolenga kuijenga.

MADHARA YA ADHABU:

Madhara ni mengi kutokana na njia unayotumia hasa ikiwa si sahihi. mfano kuchukiwa, kukimbia shule, kutoroka nyumbani, kulia sana, kisasi na nidhamu ya woga.

Mfano, mtoto wako ni mwizi na mdokozi:

 Mtu mmoja yeye amemchoma moto vidole na mwingine amemchapa fimbo.

•  Aliyemchoma vidole kuna hatari kubwa mwanao akakimbia nyumbani na pengine kwenda kuendeleza wizi huko anapoenda.
•  Lakini, anayemchapa anafanya njia sahihi kwani ni uzito unaostahili kwa kesi hii na ni vema zaidi baada ya hapo ukaangalia chanzo cha kwanini mwanao ni mdokozi.                                  

Pengine wewe mzazi humuweka kwenye vishawishi vya kumuacha mwanao aende shule wenzake wakiwa wanakula wewe humpi hela ya matumizi shuleni na kuishia kuwaibia wenzake huko shuleni au hata kuiba nyumbani anapoona hela. Lakini utakapokuwa unamfungashia mfano chakula anachokipenda shuleni na kumpa hela ndogo ya matumizi kama atanunua pipi mfano utakuwa umetoa adhabu na umeimarisha(reinforce) tabia nzuri unayotaka awe nayo.

Mfano mwingine, mwanao hasomi na kagoma kwenda shule kwasababu anaamini kuwa wapo wengi wamefanikiwa na hawajasoma nakukukupa mifano kama Diamond Platnumz, Ronaldo na Messi. 

• Mmoja akamwambia mwanae kama hutaki kusoma ondoka kwangu nisikuone ambayo ni adhabu tayari kumfukuza kwako hapa.
• mwingine akamwambia mwanaye kuwa usinipande kichwani, kwa kuwa wewe ni mwanangu utafanya yale ninayokuongoza mimi na utakapofika umri wa kujitegemea fanya utakacho amua lakini si kwa sasa hivyo unaenda shule na nakupa kazi ya kuniandikia watu kumi waliofanikiwa bila kusoma na kumi waliofanikiwa kwa kusoma, uorodheshe historia za maisha yao na mwisho uainishe wapi waliofanikiwa kirahisi na kupita njia rahisi kufikia mafanikio yako. 

Tunakubaliana kuwa wote wanaweza kuwa sahihi kulingana na mazingira ingawa wa kwanza anaweza kumpa ushawishi mwanae kutoroka nyumbani na hata hivyo maisha yakimshinda huko atarudi amejifunza lakini huyu wa pili ametoa suluhisho lenye kiimarishi/reinforcements kwani kwa kuandika hayo aliyomwambia atajifunza kuwa shule ni chaguo zuri zaidi lenye unafuu zaidi.

HIVYO UNAPOTOA ADHABU NI VEMA UKATAFUTA NAMNA/UPENYO WA KUTOA KIIMARISHI TABIA PIA(REINFORCEMENT)

VIBOKO SHULENI:

Serikali imeagiza viboko kutotumika shuleni. Wakitoa sababu kuwa inasababisha utoro shuleni. Hii ni kweli kabisa kulingana na namna viboko hivyo vilivyokuwa vinatumika kwa baadhi ya walimu kusaka heshima ya lazima au sifa bila kuzingatia matumizi sahihi ya viboko hivyo.

Viboko vikitumika shuleni, huweza kuwa na msaada mkubwa kwa wakati sahihi, kwa kiasi sahihi na kwa nia ya dhati.

Cha muhimu, tutumie adhabu sahihi lengo likiwa kubadilisha tabia za watu na kuzuia madhara yaliyosababishwa kutokea tena. Chanzo kiangaliwe na reinforcement(viimarishi tabia) vihusike kwenye vyanzo hivyo.

Swali: Wazazi wanaotumia adhabu zilizozidi kipimo, watoto wao huwa watukutu zaidi. Je hii ni kweli?

Until next time.

Electronics(part 2)-lesson 6

Welcome and feel at home:In this lesson 6. Ntanguligwa online brings to you Electronics part 2 out of 3 which thorough covers:Transistors and OPAMPS



Feel free anytime to contact me 0785071020 normal text and 0714949061 whats app!



Welcome. Thank you.

VICIOUS CIRCLE OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

HEALTH AND THE CURATIVE APPROACH

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
 0945hrs 18th August 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Kwanza nianze kwa kuelezea maana ya "vicious circle". Huu ni mzunguko wa mfumo kama wa duara unahusisha kitu flani na sababu zake kuwa na mwendelezo usioisha. Tunaposema "vicious circle of social determinants of health" tunamaanisha duara linaloanza na Afya yako na yale yote yanayoweza kufanya afya yako kuwa bora au kuidhoofisha katika uhusiano usio na kikomo. Ni dhahiri kwamba, duara huzunguka bila mwisho

Pili, tunaposema "curative approach" huu ni mfumo wa ki-tiba ambao hukazia zaidi kwenye matibabu ya mgonjwa mwenyewe moja kwa moja, mfumo ukizingatia hasa vijidudu vinavyokufanya uumwe na vyanzo. The center of focus kwenye mfumo huu wa tiba vina concentrate zaidi kwa vimelea kama chanzo kikuu cha magonjwa (parasites and vectors as primary to health). Huu ndo mfumo tunaotumia katika sekta yetu ya afya hapa.



Watalamu wa sayansi ya tabia(behavioural sciences) wanatuambia, vitu vilivyo msingi kwa afya ambavyo ndivyo vitakavyoamua afya yako kesho itakuwaje(social determinants of health), si mbu wala nzi wala vimelea vya homa, lakini ni hivi vifuatavyo:

1.LIFE STYLES(mienendo ya maisha yetu)

Hizi ni tabia/mienendo yetu ya kila siku. Je, tunakunywa pombe sana? Je, tuna wapenzi wengi? Je tunafanya ngono zembe? Je,tunakula kabla ya kunawa? Hii yote ndiyo itakayoamua afya yako wewe itakuwaje, kama ni magonjwa ya zinaa yatakuwa rafiki yako au homa ya tumbo na kipindupindu. Sigara inauwa watu milioni 6 kila mwaka inazidi idadi ya watu wanaokufa kwa UKIMWI, TB na MALARIA ukijumuisha kwa mwaka.
JE, MIENENDO YETU YA MAISHA NI RAFIKI KWA AFYA ZETU?

2.AGE(umri)

Umri unachangia sana baadhi ya magonjwa. Mfano, si ajabu kuanzia umri wa miaka 30 na kuendelea kupata magonjwa ya moyo, figo, kisukari na presha, labda kwasababu ya misuli na mishipa ya damu kuanza kuchoka. Si, ajabu watoto wadogo kupata minyoo labda kwasababu ya kula kila wanachoweka mikononi bila kujua hali ya usafi na usalama. Si ajabu vijana wengi kuwa wahanga wa magonjwa ya zinaa na madawa ya kulevya labda kutokana na ushawishi wa makundi na tamaa. Si ajabu vijana wengi kuwa wahanga wa ajali za boda boda labda kwasababu wao ndo watafutaji maisha wakubwa katika umri huo.
JE, TUNATAMBUA UMRI WETU HUWEZA KUPATWA NA MAGONJWA GANI ZAIDI NA YALE YA WATOTO WADOGO WANAOHITAJI USIMAMIZI WETU?

3.CULTURE(tamaduni)

Hapa ndipo zinapokuja mila na desturi. Hivi ni kweli unakubali kurithishwa mke wa kaka yako bila kujali uhusiano wao ulikuwaje? kama ana ukimwi je? Ni kweli mila na desturi zetu zinatuambia tukae na wanyama wetu ndani ya nyumba zetu? Usalama wa magonjwa ya wanyama kutokua yetu uko wapi?
Ni kweli watoto wetu wa kike wanakeketwa mpaka leo hii? Afya yao ya uzazi, saikolojia na magonjwa ambukizi i hali gani? Hivi ni kweli kuna makabila ambayo kumpiga mke wako ni lazima, kufanya uzazi wa mpango ni mwiko na kujifungulia nyumbani ndo mpango mzima? Nani kama mama inakujaje sasa hapo? Pamoja na mila na desturi nyingine nyingi sana.
JE, UKO TAYARI KUBADILI MILA NA DESTURI ZINAZOHATARISHA AFYA YAKO NA MAISHA SASA?

4.GENDER(jinsia)

Ni kweli kabisa, ukiwa mwanaume kuna magonjwa yanayokuhusu na ukiwa mwanamke kuna ya kwako pia. Hivyo, kuwa na jinsia tayari na chanzo cha magojwa fulani mfano kutokwa damu nyingi wakati wa hedhi kwa wanawake lakini pia tatizo la nguvu za kiume kwa wanaume. Labda ndo maana tunawatalamu kama wanaoitwa madaktari wa kina mama(gynaecologists). Takwimu zinaonesha pia kuwa, wanawake hutembelea hospitali mara nyingi zaidi kuliko wanaume. Labda kwasababu wanamatatizo mengi zaidi au kwasababu wanaume hujikuta wako imara na kwenda hospitali utaonekana dhaifu. Labda nikwambie tu kuwa, kirusi cha ukimwi kikikuingia, hakijali wewe ni mwanaume au mwanamke.
JE, TUNATAMBUA MAGONJWA YANAYOIKUMBA JINSIA YETU(ANGALAU MACHACHE MUHIMU) ILI KUJILINDA?

5.EDUCATION(elimu)

Ni kweli, mtu ambaye ameenda shule walau elimu ya msingi ni tofauti sana na yule ambaye hajaenda kabisa. Angalau nikiwaangalia wadogo zangu mmoja yupo chekechea na mwingine darasa la nne, kabla ya kula wana nawa mikono. Wanajua maji wanayotakiwa kunywa inabidi yachemshwe kwanza. Wewe mwenye elimu kubwa zaidi tunategemea uwe na uelewa mkubwa zaidi na uwezo wa kuepuka vyanzo vya magonjwa vinavyoepukika. Maajabu yanakuja pale ambapo leo hii mwanafunzi wa form 6 anapokunywa maji ya bomba bila kuchemsha au mwanafunzi wa chuo kikuu anapokula bila kunawa. Hadi hili tutailaumu serikali kuwa kuna mfumo mbovu wa elimu? Ni uzembe na kutozingatia yale tunayoyajua. Namna hii magonjwa yataendelea kuwa rafiki zetu. Leo hii nchi kama Denmark ukiona mbu basi ni utalii umefanya. Malaria ni historia. Kwanini uwe ghala la vimelea na elimu yote uliyonayo? Basi fanya vile vinavyowezekana kutokana na elimu uliyopata uepuke baadhi ya magonjwa. Elimu si ya darasani tu, familia ndiyo shule ya kwanza kwenye maisha ya binadamu. Kuwa msimamizi wa afya nyumbani na mahali unapoishi.

JE, ELIMU ULIYONAYO INAKUSAIDIA KUWA NA AFYA YA TOFAUTI NA ASIYEKUWA NAYO?

6.WORKING CONDITIONS(mazingira ya kazi)

Ni kweli wanasema, mfanikiwa hachagui wala kubagua kazi. Ni kweli hali za maisha yetu zinaweza kutupelekea kufanya kazi zinazoweka afya zetu matatani, na mara nyingine ipo nje ya uwezo wetu. Mtu unapolazimika kufanya kazi kama msafisha jiji, mda wote uko na uchafu wa jalalani, unafanya kazi kiwanda cha cement au mashine ya kukoboa mda wote uko na vumbi kali au kwenye minara ya simu mda wote upo kwenye mionzi hatarishi kwa kansa. Muhimu ni kuzingatia utendaji wa kazi tujilinde inavyowezekana. Kama ni jalalani, tuvae gloves, kama ni mionzi tujitahidi kupunguza kukaa maeneo hayo bila sababu, kama ni vumbi kali tukumbuke kuvaa mask usoni. Mwingine atasema, kama ni kahaba au changudoa uvae kondomu ujilinde. Inaweza kuwa sawa unajilinda lakini hiyo ni tofauti. Kama ni kazi fanya kazi halali zenye risk kidogo sababu hatari ipo katika kazi zote zinatofautiana tu uzito. Hata daktari yupo kwenye hatari kubwa ya maambukizi kutoka kwa wagonjwa.
JE, UNAFAHAMU MAZINGIRA YA KAZI YAKO YANA HATARI GANI KWA AFYA YAKO?
 

7.NUTRITION(vyakula):

Mwili wetu hufanya kazi vizuri pale tu ambapo tutakuwa tumeshiba vizuri. Ni wangapi wanaweza kukaa kwa makusudi siku nzima masaa 24 bila kula chochote wakaishi bila shida yoyote, comfortably. Mara zote tutahitaji kula, je tunakula nini? Mlo wetu unafaa kuitwa chakula bora. Tunatakiwa kula matunda kwa sana, kunywa maji kwa sana na kuhakikisha mlo wetu una mahitaji yote katika kiasi sahihi. Wanga kidogo(vyakula kama mihogo,ugali,wali na viazi), protini kigodo(samaki,nyama,mayai), mafuta kidogo(karanga,vyakula vya kukaanga kama chipsi), vitamini(mboga za majani na matunda). Tujitahidi tuwe tunapata hivi angalau kila siku na kupunguza ulaji wa vyakula vya mafuta na kuongeza matunda(somo hili refu kidogo tutalitafutia makala yake).

JE, WANGAPI SISI MLO NI CHIPSI,KUKU,PIZZA NA BURGER TU MASAA 24 SIKU SABA KATIKA WIKI. TUNAJIANDAA KUWA DILI KWA MADAKTARI WA MOYO?

8.ENVIRONMENT(mazingira)

Uchafuzi wa mazingira ni tatizo kubwa sana katika nchi zetu zinazoendelea. Hata hivyo mbali na kuwa tatizo la ki-nchi bado tuna nafasi katika yale mazingira tunayoishi. Je, mifumo yetu ya maji nyumbani haikaribiani na mifumo ya maji taka au shimo la taka? Je, tunafagia mazingira yetu nyumbani? Je, tunasafisha kila mara vyoo vyetu? Nyasi ndefu je?. Mazingira yasipokuwa safi ndipo wadudu na vimelea huweza kujipatia hifadhi yao.
JE, WANGAPI VYOO WANAVYOTUMIA HUFANYIWA USAFI MARA KWA MARA?

9.PHYSICAL EXERCISES(mazoezi)

Mazoezi ni muhimu kwa afya. Fanya mazoezi mara kwa mara ni muhimu sana kwa afya yako. Rejea makala:http://www.ntanguligwa.com/2016/07/madhara-ya-kiafya-yanayotarajiwa.html


Yapo mengine mengi ambayo huweza kusababishwa na mfumo wa kisiasa nchini na ya kiserikali na sera zake kama BIMA ZA AFYA, UCHAFUZI WA MAZINGIRA KWA VIWANDA NA UPATIKANAJI WA MAJI SAFI NA SALAMA, hivi tuwaachie wao tufanye yaliyopo ndani ya uwezo wetu.

MUHIMU: UNAKUJA KUONA KUWA KUKAZANIA KUTIBU UGONJWA HOSPITALINI SIYO TIJA, MAGONJWA YAPO KWENYE JAMII HUKU HUKU TUNAPOISHI NA NDIPO KILA KITU KINAPOANZIA. HIVYO KAMA NI DAWA INAYOFAA INABIDI IWE NI SISI WENYEWE. SISI WENYEWE NDIYO DAWA SAHIHI YA MAGONJWA. TUUNGANE KUTOKOMEZA MAGONJWA KWENYE JAMII ZETU.

HUDUMA DUNI ZA AFYA:

SASA WAJUA:

The food you eat: a fruit a day keeps the doctor away. Information on healthy food must be given to people. These are social determinants of health

Untill next time.

Electronics(part 1)-lesson 5

Welcome and feel at home:In this lesson 5. The topic will be divided into three parts. Ntanguligwa online brings to you Electronics part 1 which thorough covers:1.The band theory of solids 2. Semiconductors 3. Logic gates.

This topic will further be covered by other two lessons as for part 2 and 3 of electronics as per syllabus!



Feel free anytime to contact me 0785071020 normal text and 0714949061 whats app!

Welcome.

WATANZANIA TUJIFUNZE TABIA YA KUSOMA CONTENTS(YALIYOMO) KWA VITU TUTUMIAVYO- part 1

ENERGY DRINKS

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
 1230hrs 10th August 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Azam kateka sana soko la vinywaji na sekta nyingine za vyakula nchini. Na ni kweli kabisa, vinywaji vyake ni vitamu mno na vya kupendeza.

Lakini kuna hiki kinywaji hapa:

Wengi tumezoea kukiita energy drink kama jina lake linavyojieleza. Ni kweli kabisa kinatuongezea nguvu au pengine ni imani tu tuliyo nayo. Lakini, ni wangapi tumeshawahi kusoma maelekezo yaliyoandikwa kwenye kopo la kinywaji hiki?

Na hivi je?

Moja ya maelekezo ya muhimu yaliyoandikwa kwenye label za vinywaji hivi ni:

1. Usinywe zaidi ya mbili ndani ya masaa 24 kwa energy drink ya Azam juu.
2. Usinywe karibu na mda wa kulala.
3. Red bull yenyewe imeandikwa, wasipewe watoto na wajawazito.
4. Zimeandikwa pia zina "caffeine".

Pamoja na vinywaji vya aina hiyo vingine vyote.

Shirika la Afya duniani(WHO), liliandika katika makala iliyoandikwa tarehe 14 Oct 2014:

"Increased consumption of energy drinks may pose danger to public health, especially among young people, warns a team of researchers from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe in the open-access journal Frontiers in Public Health.

Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages that contain caffeine, vitamins, and other ingredients for example, taurine, ginseng, and guarana. They are typically marketed as boosting energy and increasing physical and mental performance.

Researchers reviewed the literature on the health risks, consequences and policies related to energy drink consumption and found reason for concern and basis for further research. The authors conclude that “As energy drink sales are rarely regulated by age, unlike alcohol and tobacco, and there is a proven potential negative effect on children, there is the potential for a significant public health problem in the future”. European Food Safety Authority estimates that 30% of adults, 68% of adolescents, and 18% of children below 10 years consume energy drinks.

The authors suggest several actions to minimize the potential for harm from energy drinks:

• Establishing an upper limit for the amount of caffeine allowed in a single serving of this type of drinks in line with available scientific evidence;
• Regulations to enforce restriction of labelling and sales of energy drinks to children and adolescents;
• Enforcing standards for responsible marketing to young people by the energy drink industry;
• Training health care practitioners to be aware of the risks and symptoms of energy drinks consumption;
• Patients with a history of diet problems and substance abuse, both alone and combined with alcohol, should be screened for the heavy consumption of energy drinks;
• Educating the public about the risks of mixing alcohol with energy drinks  consumption;
• Further research on the potential adverse effects of energy drinks, particularly on young people.

Energy drinks can be sold in all EU countries, but some countries have introduced regulations, including setting rules for sales to children. Hungary introduced a public health tax that includes energy drinks in 2012. In Sweden, sales of some types of energy drinks are restricted to pharmacies and sales to children are banned."

(retrived 10th Aug 2016 at http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/news/news/2014/10/energy-drinks-cause-concern-for-health-of-young-people)

 Katika mapendekezo yaliyoafikiwa katika kusaidia kupunguza madhara ya vinywaji hivi mengi ni ya kiutawala kwamba viwanda na kampuni vifanye nini. Lakini, sisi tunamchango gani?

Tutachambua mapendekezo yao na kuona nafasi yetu kama watumiaji na wahanga wa vinywaji hivi.

Kwanza, wameelekeza kuandika kwenye vinywaji vyote kuwa haviruhusiwi kwa watoto. Je ni wangapi tunafuata hili? hasa kama hatusomi maelekezo haya, wamemuandikia nani sasa? Wapo watu wengi wanaonunua kinywaji hiki na kuwanywesha watoto wao. Mimi nimekua nikiambiwa na wazazi wangu Red bull ni ya wakubwa(wazazi wajifunze hili pia). Ni mara mia uache kabisa kununua kinywaji hiki uwapo na watoto na kwa wajawazito pia kwani ukinywa wewe ni kama umemnywesha mtoto wako tumboni tayari.

Pili, Kuelimisha watu kuhusu madhara ya kiafya vinywaji hivi vinaweza kusababisha. Kama ninavyokuelimisha sasa, inakupasa uelimishe na wengine pia ili tusaidiane kupunguza madhara kwenye jamii zetu. Pia pale inapobidi kubadilisha mwenendo wa maisha yako(life styles) kuwa tayari kubadilika hasa kwenye kuwapa watoto vinywaji hivi.

MADHARA YA VINYWAJI HIVI NI NINI HASA?

• Matatizo ya moyo- Premature cardiac contraction. Inaweza kusababisha pia matatizo ya moyo(cardiac arrest-mshtuko wa moyo). Mfano Azam anapokwambia usinywe kabla ya kwenda kulala ni kukusaidia usije kupata mshtuko huo ukiwa usingizini ukakosa msaada ukapoteza maisha.
• Kukosa usingizi(insomnia) sababu ya kinywaji hiki kukufanya uwe active sana hasa ukinywa zaidi ya kiasi kilichoelekezwa.
• Baadhi ya dawa unazokunywa haziendani na unywaji wa energy drinks hivyo ni vema kuwa makini unapokuwa kwenye dose na kusababisha vitu kama allergy.
• Addiction- sababu vinywaji hivi vina caffeine ambapo ukizidisha utakuwa kama mtumiaji wa madawa ya kulevya kwa ku-develop addiction na dependence hasa utakapozidisha kiasi.
• Kwa watoto huweza kusababisha ukuaji mbovu wa mifupa na kuanza kuwatengenezea matatizo ya moyo taratibu.
• Inasababisha mishipa ya fahamu(neurones) kuongezeka kusisimka (increase excitability of neurones) huweza kupelekea kutetemeka na kuonekena kama una woga.

Kuna kautamaduni ka kunywa energy drinks kuchanganya na kilevi. Wakiamini kwamba, kwa vile energy drink inaleta nguvu na kukufanya uwe macho(active mda mrefu zaidi) hivyo itakusaidia nguvu ya kunywa pombe nyingi zaidi bila kuchoka na kusikia usingizi.

Hii si kweli hata kidogo, infact ,"In November 2009, the FDA in USA asked manufacturers of alcoholic energy drinks to prove their safety"Seifert S.M et al,(2011). Matokeo yake inasababishia watu wengi kuwa alcohol addicts kwasababu ya imani hiyo.

Seifert S.M et al(2011) pia wanatueleza ,"Energy drinks have no therapeutic benefit, and many ingredients are understudied and not regulated. The known and unknown pharmacology of agents included in such drinks, combined with reports of toxicity, raises concern for potentially serious adverse effects in association with energy drink use (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/3/511)

Wanasema kuwa ,vitu ambavyo vipo kwenye energy drinks vimefanyiwa utafiti mdogo sana na haviko regulated kwa kiasi kikubwa hivyo ni vema kuchukua tahadhari.

TUSHIRIKIANE, TUELIMISHANE, TUHAMASISHANE. AFYA YETU PAMOJA.

Until next time.

Current electricity (part 2)-lesson 4

Welcome to this lesson 4:

This is last part of the topic. It covers

1. Kirchoff’s laws of electrical networks
2. Conversion of milliammeter to voltmeter and ammeter
3.Current electricity practical details
4. Alternating current

For further questions contact me:0785071020. Don't hesitate to contact me.

Thank you and welcome.

DRINKING WATER CAN BE DANGEROUS!!!!!

WHEN AM I NOT SUPPOSED TO JUST DRINK WATER?

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
 2230hrs 2nd August 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Inatupasa kunywa maji angalau lita 2 kwa siku. Huu ni msemo ambao katika maisha yetu tumeshawahi kuusikia sehemu. Ni mara ngapi tumeona wenzetu wakitembea na chupa za maji ya kunywa? wengine wenye utaratibu wa kunywa maji mengi asubuhi kabla ya kufanya chochote? Ni ukweli usiopingika kuwa maji ni muhimu sana katika miili yetu.

Damu ni mkusanyiko wa vitu vingi sana. Kwenye damu kuna Cells(white,red and platelets), maji yenyewe(plasma) na zaidi sana madini muhimu kama Sodium, glucose na Potassium.

Damu ndo barabara kuu kwa mifumo mingi mwilini. Mfano, ukitoka kula, baada ya "digestion" chakula husafirishwa kwa damu mwilini kuhifadhiwa sehemu husika. Pia unapo pumua ile oxygen na carbondioxide husafirishwa kwa damu. Pia, uchafu wote wa mwili husafiri kupitia damu kwenda kwenye figo mfano kutengeneza mkojo utoe uchafu huu mwilini. Lakini pia damu husaidia kusambaza joto mwilini na hivyo kubalance joto la mwili.

Kazi zote hizi zitafanyika vizuri pale tu ambapo vitu vyote vinavyotengeneza damu vitakuwa katika uwiano(balance). Chochote kitakachozidi au kupungua kuliko kiasi kinachotakiwa kitaleta madhara makubwa sana mwilini. Hivyo mwili wa binadamu una mfumo maalumu wa kurudisha kwenye uwiano chochote kitakachozidi au kupungua kuliko kawaida mfano usikiaji wa kiu unapopungukiwa maji mwilini ili unywe maji urudishe hali ya kawaida, ni mfumo automatic wa kusaidia kurudisha uwiano.

Mfumo huu utafanya kazi endapo tu uwiano huu hauja athiriwa sana. Kama kuna mabadiliko makubwa sana ya kiasi cha vitu hivi kupungua au kuongezeka sana, mwili unaweza kushindwa kurudisha hali ya kawaida na kupelekea madhara kama kuzimia(kupoteza fahamu).

SABABU ZA UPUNGUFU WA MADINI ZILIZO NDANI YA UWEZO WETU:
Madini ya mwili tunayapata kwenye chakula tunachokula.

• Mara nyingi, kama mlo wetu usipokuwa na uwiano mzuri tunaweza kujikuta na upungufu wa baadhi ya madini au wingi kupita kiasi. Hivyo tunashauriwa kula vizuri aina zote za vyakula(wanga, vitamin na protini).
• Pia upungufu huu unaweza kusababishwa na ugonjwa kama minyoo, ugonjwa wa figo, kisukari n.k
• Pia kutoa damu au kupoteza damu kwenye ajali.
• Kutokwa jasho(ndo maana jasho linaladha ya chumvi)
• Haja ndogo(mkojo huwa una madini kutoka mwilini pia ikijaribu kupunguza kiasi kilichozidi)
• Kutapika na kuharisha

SABABU ZA UPUNGUFU WA MAJI:
Maji mwilini tunayapata kwa kunywa vimiminika, iwe ni maji, juisi au soda. Lakini, maji haya tunayapoteza kwa njia tofauti tofauti sana kama:

• Kutokwa jasho.
• Kujisaidia(haja kubwa au ndogo).
• Kupumua na,
• Pia kutoa damu au kupoteza damu kwenye ajali. 
• Kutapika na kuharisha.

Ukichunguza vizuri, kuna namna ambazo zinatufanya tupoteze vyote( madini na maji) mfano kujisaidia haja ndogo tunapoteza maji na madini. Na ndo ntakavyozungumiza hapa hatari inayoweza kutupata tukinywa maji katika hali kama hiyo.
Nitazungumzia kuharisha na kutapika sababu hututokea hasa tukiwa tunaumwa.

HATARI YA KUNYWA MAJI WAKATI WA KUHARISHA AU KUTAPIKA:
Tofauti iliyopo na njia nyingine zinazotufanya tupoteze maji na madini ni kwamba hizi zenyewe husababisha kupoteza kiasi kingi sana cha maji na madini tofauti na njia nyingine. Ndo maana wenye kipindupindu wanapoteza maisha kwa sababu ya kuharisha kupita kiasi na kupoteza maji mengi sana.

Tunapo harisha au kutapika, tukinywa maji tupu yasiyo na kitu chochote(plain water) kitakachotokea ni kwamba utakuwa unaongeza maji peke yake mwilini. Kumbuka umepoteza vyote lakini unarudisha maji tu, hatari iliyopo ni kwamba mwisho wa siku una dilute damu hasa ukinywa maji mengi unaweza ku dilute kufikia kiwango cha hatari na kusababisha ile tunaitwa kwa kitaalamu "hyponatremia" yani sodium iliyopungua kupita kiasi, sababu madini yamepungua sana lakini unaongeza maji na kufanya concentration yake kuwa ndogo zaidi kwenye damu. Hii huweza kupelekea mtu kupoteza fahamu na isipotibiwa haraka huweza sababisha kifo.

TUFANYE NINI WAKATI TUNAHARISHA NA KUTAPIKA?
Tunatakiwa kunywa kitu kitakachorudisha maji na madini kwa pamoja mwilini. Utachukua maji utachanganya sukari na chumvi na kumpa mgonjwa kama huduma ya kwanza ujaribu kuusaidia mwili kurudisha hali ya kawaida. Baada ya hapo mpeleke kwa daktari kwa uchunguzi zaidi.

Maji safi na salama ni uhai. Maji ni muhimu. Kunywa kwa wakati sahihi maji safi na salama!

Mpaka siku nyingine tena. Asanteni

Current Electricity(part1)-lesson 3

Welcome to this lesson 3. We are covering extensively about current electricity. The topic will be divided into two parts. This is just part one of the topic. Welcome.

For further questions contact me:0785071020. Don't hesitate to contact me if there are doubts and errors if any in calculations inside the videos.

Corrections: There is a question solved inside where the value of R is indicated as 9.6 ohms, the true answer is 50 ohms. Typing error!

Michael Faraday(1791-1867)-the father and pioneer of electricity.
Feel at home

WORLD HEPATITIS DAY

HEPATITIS (HOMA YA INI)

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
 2130hrs 28th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Leo tarehe 28 July ni siku ya homa ya Ini(hepatitis) duniani. Ini kama ilivyo moyo na tofauti na viungo vingine kama figo iko peke yake hivyo, kukiwa na shida kwenye ini madhara huwa moja kwa moja sababu haina usaidizi wa mwenzake. Hasara nyingine iliyopo ni kwamba kama ambavyo unaweza kuwekewa figo nyingine kutoka kwa mtu, Ini ni moja ya viungo ambapo ni kazi kufanya hivi sababu ili kupata ini lazma mtu mwingine apoteze maisha kwasababu kila mtu ana ini moja tu, si kama figo.

Leo katika kuadhimisha siku ya homa ya Ini duniani, nitakufahamisha mambo yafuatayo:

1. HOMA YA INI NI NINI NA AINA ZAKE?
2. HATARI YA UGONJWA HUU NA UHUSIANO NA MAGONJWA MENGINE YA INI
3. NIFANYEJE NISIUPATE

Pengine wewe ni kama watu wengine, hujawahi kufikiria sana kuhusu Ini. Labda kwa vile hausikii kiungo hiki kama vile ambavyo unaweza kuhisi Moyo unadunda. 

Ini lina kazi kubwa sana katika mwili wako kama vile kuchuja na kujaribu kuharibu sumu yote inayoingia mwilini, kuhifadhi damu kwa mda na kusaidia kuhifadhi baadhi ya vitu muhimu vya mwili kama chakula cha wanga kama "ghala" la mwili pia kutengeneza "bile"(maji maji yanayotoka kwenye nyongo ukiipasua ndani) ambayo ni kemikali muhimu sana kukusaidia katika kula vyakula vya mafuta na kazi nyingine nyingi sana na zinazoweka kufanya maisha yao yakawa hatarini mara moja mambo yasipokwenda sawa.

Homa ya ini ni pale ambapo Ini lako linakuwa limevimba(hepatic inflammation). Imegawanyika katika aina tano. A,B,C,D na E kulingana na aina ya kirusi kinachosababisha. Hizi husambazwa kwa njia tofauti kutegemea na aina.

1.HEPATITIS A

Husambazwa kwa kugusa kinyesi cha mtu aliyekuwa na aina hii ya ugonjwa. Hivyo kuna umuhimu sana wa kuzingatia usafi wa mahala tunapoishi na kulinda mikono yetu. Kinyesi hiki pia tunaweza kukipata katika chakula au maji yasiyozingatia usafi na usalama.

2.HEPATITIS B

Aina hii inaongoza kwa kuua. Ni aina ya hatari sana. Hii husambazwa na kugusana na maji maji ya mwili(body fluids) kama damu au kutumia vitu vyenye ncha kali vinavyoweza kusababisha maji maji haya kutoka kwa mtu mmoja kwenda kwa mwingine, pia kwa ngono au pia kutoka kwa mama kwenda kwa mtoto katika kujifungua. Mbaya zaidi, kwa aina hii hata kwa jasho unaweza kupata. Hii ni hatari mno ndo maana hivi karibuni mfano, hapo Muhimbili hospitali ya taifa na chuo, wafanyakazi na wanafunzi wamepewa chanjo ili kujilinda na aina hii ya hatari.

3.HEPATITIS C

Usambazwaji wa huu ni kama wa aina B. Huu pia ni hatari sana kama aina B, unaongoza kwa kuua sana pia.

4.HEPATITIS D

Usambazwaji wa huu ni kama wa aina B

5.HEPATITIS E

Usambazwaji wa huu ni kama aina A kwa kinyesi.

Dalili zake huisiwa pale ambapo kazi ya ini inapoanza kuacha kufanya kazi na kuleta madhara yanayoonekana mfano "bile" huwa ni rangi ya njano njano hivi(ukiipasua nyongo mfano ya kuku utaona). Sasa kama ini lako litashindwa kufanya kazi "bile" itasambaa maeneo mbalimbali ya mwili na utaanza kuwa wa njano mfano machoni na kwenye ngozi labda kwasababu ya utengenezaji uliopitiliza kiasi au kuziba au kuharibika kwa mfumo husika unaosafirisha "bile" kwenda sehemu husika ambapo ni kwenye utumbo mdogo(small intestine). Unaweza kupata pia mkojo ulio "dark', kuchoka kusio kawaida, kichefuchefu na maumivu ya sehemu ya tumbo.

HATARI YA UGONJWA HUU.
Ugonjwa huu huweza kusababisha hatari ya kupoteza maisha kwani huweza kusababisha magonjwa mengine zaidi kama Kansa ya Ini(haitibiki), huweza kusababisha kuacha/kushindwa kufanya kazi ini(hepatic liver failure) na kuharibika kwa Ini kusikorekebishika(cirrhosis- Irreversible liver damage).
Magonjwa yote haya ni hatari kwa maisha yako. Hupelekea kifo ndani ya mda mfupi sana kwani Ini ni kiungo kilichopo peke yake hakina msaidizi na hivyo ini likiharibika sumu nyingi sana hujikusanya mwilini.

NIFANYEJE ILI NISIUPATE?
Kinachoua Ini ni kuingiza sumu mwilini kupita kiasi. Hivyo ini linazidiwa kazi yake na kusababisha sumu nyingi sana kujikusanya na kupelekea kuliua na kuliharibu.
Sumu hizo zinaweza kuwa Pombe, madawa mengine ya kulevya na baadhi ya madawa ya hospitalini na sababu nyingine ambazo zipo nje ya uwezo wetu kama kugusana na wagonjwa wenye magonjwa haya au kupata hivi virusi kwa njia yoyote ile kama ngono n.k.

Ni vema ukipata mda upate kupima kama unao ili upewe chanjo sababu unasambaa sana.

Tukazie zaidi kwenye vile vyanzo tunavyoweza kujizuia. Hivyo unapokula na kunywa kitu chochote angalia kiasi unachokula au kunywa hasa kama si kitu asilia yani vya kiwandani. Hasa Pombe ndo tatizo kubwa sana hapa. Jizuie kunywa pombe kupita kiasi (soma kwenye blog hii makala inayohusu Pombe na ujue kiasi kinachoshauriwa). Usifanye ngono zembe.

Mtu wangu wa nguvu. Vitu hivi vyote tunaweza kujizuia, hivyo jitahidi kufuata ushauri. Leo ni siku ya homa ya Ini duniani. Shirika la Afya duniani kuona umuhimu wa Ini na vifo vinavyoendelea kwa kasi kwa ugonjwa huu, imeamua kutenga siku hii ili ujifunze na uwe macho kuhusu homa hii hatari. Mjulishe/mshirikishe(share) na mwenzako umlinde.

AFYA YAKO, MAISHA YAKO, MIKONONI MWAKO.
Mpaka siku nyingine tena.

HEADACHE (MAUMIVU YA KICHWA)

HEADACHE (MAUMIVU YA KICHWA)

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
 2130hrs 27th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Ni siku nyingine mtu wangu wa nguvu. Leo nakuletea makala kuhusu Maumivu ya kichwa. Ni kitu ambacho kimezoeleka na huwa sehemu ya maisha yetu mda mwingine. Mara nyingi tumekuwa watumwa wa dawa za kupunguza maumivu(pain killers) na kwa lugha ya kitaalamu "analgesics". Labda nikwambie tu kuwa hatushauriwi kunywa dawa za kupunguza maumivu angalau bila kuandikiwa ya daktari. Hii ni kwasababu nyingi za kiafya kama;

• Dawa hizi hupunguza maumivu na huweza kukudanganya kuwa umepona kumbe bado. Hii ni hatari hasa kama tatizo linalosababisha maumivu hayo ni kubwa sana kama kupata uvimbe kwenye ubongo. 
• Dawa hizi huweza leta vidonda vya tumbo hasa Asprin. 
• Dawa hizi huweza kusababisha "addiction". Unaweza kujikuta mtumiaji wa dawa za kupunguza maumivu na ukawa mtumwa kama wa dawa za kulevya (addiction, dependance and tolerance). 
• Ukizidisha dozi inaweza kusababisha kifo. 

Sasa kikubwa tutakachojifunza hapa leo ni aina ya maumivu ya kichwa, ili tuone kuwa kumbe dawa za kupunguza maumivu zinaweza kutudanganya tatizo likawa si kichwa tu. Ntaongelea baadhi tu na nitaongelea kwa juu juu lakini jinsi gani inasababisha mpaka unapata maumivu ni maswala ya kitalamu( beyond normal understanding). 

1.MIGRANE HEADACHES
Migraine headaches often begin with early symptoms indicating the onset of an attack or a disease such as nausea (kichefuchefu), loss of vision in part of the field of vision(kupungua uwezo wa kuona), visual aura and other types of sensory hallucinations(kuhisi vitu vipo kumbe havipo). Ordinarily, these symptoms begin 30 minutes to 1 hour before the beginning of the headache.

Moja ya nadharia ni kwamba huwa inasababishwa na stress, mvutano na msongo wa mawazo kwa mda mrefu. Hutokea mara nyingi kwa wanawake.

2. Headache attributed to trauma or injury to the head and/or neck:
Hii husababishwa na kujigonga sehemu, kulalia shingo vibaya au kujiumiza kichwani au shingoni kwa namna yoyote ile mfano baada ya Ajali. Inaweza kuwa umeumiza kitu ndani hivyo ni vema ukahakikisha chanzo chake kikuu.

3.Headache attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disorder

Hii husababishwa na matatizo na mfumo wa damu kwenye kichwa. Inaweza kuwa mishipa ya damu kichwani imevimba (vasculitis), kutofika damu ya kutosha kichwani(ischemia), damu kuvujia kichwani(haemorrhage) hasa bila kukigonga kichwa sehemu au bila ajali yoyote, kutoumbwa katika mfumo wa kawaida(malformation like Fistula au kupanuka mishipa ya damu-aneurysm) n.k.

4. Headache attributed to non-vascular intracranial disorder

Hii husababishwa na matatizo ya ndani ya kichwa pia. Kupata "pressure" iliozidi kiwango(hypertension) kichwani si kwasababu ya damu bali kitu tunaita "cerebral spinal fluid" ambacho ni kimiminika kwenye ubongo, kujaa maji kichwani(hydracephalous), kupungua kwa kiasi cha "cerebral spinal fluid" n.k ya kitaalamu zaidi kama neurosarcoidosis, carcinomatous meningitis na epileptic seizure.

5.Headache attributed to a substance or its withdrawal

Hii hutokea kutokana na matumizi au kuacha ghafla dutu(substance) uliyozoea kutumia sana mfano madawa ya kulevya, pombe na baadhi ya vyakula au vinywaji.

6. Headache attributed to infection

Hii hutokana na maambukizi kwenye kichwa hasa ndani ya kichwa na sehemu zake. Maambukizi haya yanaweza kuwa bacteria, virusi au fungus. Hii huweza pelekea baadhi ya sehemu kuvimba au kufanya kazi isivyotakiwa(abnormal functioning).

7.Headache attributed to disorder of homoeostasis

Hii usababisha na kutokua na uwiano(balance) kwenye systems za kichwa. System zinakuwa zina vitu kuzidi kawaida mfano upungufu wa oxygen inayofika kichwani ambayo inaweza kusababishwa na kwenda urefu wa juu mfano ukipanda milima, ukipanda ndege, wanaoogelea. Pia huweza wapata wajawazito waliokaribu kupata kifafa cha mimba au kifafa cha mimba kinapotokea(eclampsia and pre-eclampsia).

8. Headache or facial pain attributed to disorder of the cranium, neck, eyes, ears, nose, sinuses, teeth, mouth or other facial or cervical structure

Hii yenyewe husababishwa na kiungo chochote kilichopo kichwani. Huweza kuwa macho, pua, fuvu, mdomo au meno. Huweza kuwa uvimbe pia wa vitu hivi. Huenda pia kukawa na kubanwa kwa mishipa ya damu au mishipa ya fahamu(nerves)

9. Headache attributed to psychiatric disorder

Hii huweza sababishwa na matatizo ya kiakili(psychiatric). Matatizo ya kiakili si lazma pale utakapokuwa chizi tu. Hata mwenye msongo wa mawazo, mwenye ulevi(addiction). Huweza kuwa Psychosis ( a mental health problem that causes people to perceive or interpret things differently from those around them. This might involve hallucinations or delusions) au Somatization (tendency to experience and communicate psychological distress in the form of somatic symptoms and to seek medical help for them. More commonly expressed, it is the generation of physical symptoms of a psychiatric condition such as anxiety ).

"Hizi zote ni aina za maumivu ya kichwa. Unaweza kujionea mwenyewe sasa kwanini tunakushauri usinywe dawa za kupunguza maumivu bila ushauri wa daktari. Inafanywa hivi ili tujue chanzo kikuu cha maumivu ya kichwa. Tujue kuwa kichwa ni sehemu nyeti sana kwani ndo mwanzo wa kila kitu mwilini na muamuzi mkuu wa kila kitu mwilini hivyo maumivu ya kichwa si ya kuchukulia masihara."

Nitawapa ushuhuda. Yupo mtu ambaye alikua anapata maumivu ya kichwa na alikua ni mgonjwa wa macho na anavaa miwani. Alipata maumivu ya kichwa mara kwa Mara lakini alichukulia tu ni macho yake tu yanasumbua na akafanya mazoea ya kunywa dawa za kupnguza maumivu. Siku alipozidiwa sana hata kupoteza fahamu na kukimbizwa hospitali ndipo alipogundulika kumbe ana tatizo lingine kichwani na bahati nzuri aliwahi pengine angechelwa kungekuwa na madhara mengine zaidi.

WAHI HOSPITALI MAPEMA /KWA WAKATI PINDI UHISIPO KITU SI CHA KAWAIDA. AFYA YAKO, MAISHA YAKO VIPO MIKONONI MWAKO.

Special aknowledgements :

• Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version) 
• Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 11ed 

Untill next time.

AFYA YA FIGO YAKO, UREFU WA MAISHA YAKO (KIDNEY HEALTH)

STAYING SAFE FROM KIDNEY DISEASE

Helleminigilder Ndangalasi (MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)

2230hrs 26th July 2016

Kidney disorders and disease are among life threatening disorders that can get anyone. This is because each one of us only has two kidneys that normally get damaged simultaneously and if not managed fast lead to complete destruction beyond repair. The result is the need of subsequent procedures of dialysis (kukojoa kutumia mashine) and/or replacement with a donated kidney which as we can all just predict is not any easier procedure to be performed on anyone.

“Diseases of the kidney are among the most important causes of death and disabilities in many countries in most part of the world” Guyton(2005)

Karibu tuzungumze:

In this article I am going to discuss with you

• The signs that you should consider as sign of kidney disease. I aim at educating the mass about how they can know about their kidney health and see professionals in time while the procedure is still manageable. This will reduce the possibility of loosing more kidneys.
• I will also roughly go through a healthy life style for any one to help them take care of their kidneys healthily.

I would first like to alert you that normally kidney diseases may be a result of certain health conditions. People living with diabetes mellitus(kisukari) and high blood pressure are the most risked group of the population.

It is scientifically proven too that on a general basis, the two kinds of populations are normally obese (unene kupita kiasi). These are very interactive concepts of healthy; obesity brings about diabetes then hypertension hence kidney disease that result in kidney failure.

Another instance is of people living with heart failure are at a higher risk of developing the disease that is because in heart failure the heart fails to pump enough blood to the kidneys for their proper function.

In other situations, it comes as a result of loss of large blood quantities of blood like after an accident or maybe delivery. So anyone having experienced such situation should know that they are susceptible to kidney disease and hence should keep awake to the symptoms I am about to describe soon.

However on a general basis, the most common symptoms of kidney disease are:

• Production of very low amounts of urine per day. When I say low I really mean low, as low as just 400ml. for a healthy individual urine output per day is supposed to be between 1 to 1.5L depending on the weather conditions and general amounts of fluid taken in by an individual.
• Secondly, is the oedema(kujaa maji na kuvimba sehemu flani ya mwili mfano mapafu au miguuni mara nyingi) which simply means swelling of the body tissues especially the extremities like the legs. This is normally the pitting kind of oedema that is to mean when you place a finger on the swollen extremities and press hard for sometime; the result is a pit on the skin that starts to feel in but slowly unlike the normal individual. Taking about one or more minutes.
• Further more is high blood pressure which might not be easy for you to notice but on certain occasions high blood pressure as you may have already heard is normally accompanied with headaches and visual problems by which the affected individuals tends to loose clear but blurred images occasionally.

I would also think anyone with the kidney disease should be considered lucky if they are accompanied with pain in the groin. Well I am not saying that pain is what I pray for but atleast pain will be something that can't go unnoticed unlike the others.

In addition one should really see a doctor immediately:

• If they also have blood in their urine, fever and chills. 
• Some people are faced with very fast breathing a condition scientifically called hyperventilation(kupumua kwa nguvu zaidi ili kuvuta na kutoa hewa kwa nguvu kuliko kawaida). This is a result of high level of bodily acids another condition scientifically named as acidosis.

So after taking you through that, may I now take the responsibility to advise you on the healthy life style to keep up to. The rules are simple do not overload the kidneys.

1.  For a better survival just like each one of us can only work up to certain levels and not more. The overload on the kidneys may happen if one takes large quantities of alcohol on daily basis. A little alcohol daily is not a problem, it is infact healthy but not large quantities for a daily or regular occasion.
2. Moreover one should do physical activities like walking or running on daily basis to make sure that they do not acquire a life style encouraging obesity as we have already seen the effect of obesity and its effect on diabetes, high blood pressure and finally kidney disease. This should be hand in hand with taking enough water daily.

Just want to remind you lastly that kidney diseases are reversible before they get very bad. As Guyton(2005) says,“In many cases an initial insult to the kidney leads to progressive deterioration of the kidney function and further loss of nephrones to the point where the person must be placed on dialysis for treatment or replaced with a functional kidney to survive. Getting to the doctor in time is your only survival chance. That’s why I took the trouble to write you this to help you know when you are in danger and alert you to see a doctor in time.

 Until next time we meet stay healthy,thanks.

Je, unafahamu wale wote(wahudumu) wanaohusika na matibabu yako hospitali? Je, unafahamu fursa sekta ya Afya?

WAHUDUMU WA AFYA(HEALTH PRACTITIONERS AND HEALTH PRACTICE)

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences) 

2230hrs 25th July 2016

Karibu tuzungumze:

Habarini, watu wangu wa nguvu. Leo nakuletea Makala hii:

• Yenye manufaa kwa watu wote kufahamu watu wa Afya wanaowahudumia.Mara nyingi, tumekuwa tukisema tu doctor asante. Lakini je, tunajua ni watu wangapi wanahusishwa kwenye matibabu yako mpaka unapona? Ni kweli mchango wao unaweza kuwa mdogo kuliko daktari lakini kamwe sehemu yao ni muhimu sana katika sector ya Afya.

•  Kushawishi wanaojiunga na vyuo kujiunga na sekta za Afya mbalimbali mbali, hivyo wajue fursa zilizopo kwenye sector ya Afya. Ili nchi yetu ipate wahudumu wa kutosha nikifanya reference Vyuo vya Afya mbali mbali nchini. 

Naongelea kwenye degree level. Hii ni kwasababu, watu wengi huchanganya sana na kutowajua ipasavyo watu hawa na pengine kuwadharau. Labda kwasababu tumezoea kuwaona kwenye vituo vya afya mbali mbali (dispensaries) lakini hao ni wale wenye hadhi ya diploma kwenda chini. Mimi ntaongelea wenye hadhi ya degree, ili angalau uone uzito wao. Wenye hadhi hii wengi utawakuta hospitali za wilaya, mkoa mpaka taifa na kimataifa, hivyo ni watu wenye umuhimu mkubwa sana kama ifuatavyo.

   1.  NURSES:

 Opportunities available:

•          Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSc N)
•          Bachelor of Science in Nursing (Management) (BScN Management)
•          Bachelor of Science in Midwifery (BScM)- wakunga

Mistakanely watu wanadhani nursing ni kwa women tu. Si hvyo. Nurse ni mtu yoyote anaweza kuwa na kazi yake kubwa ni kuhandle caring ya mgonjwa and sometimes wana assist operations. Na mda mwingine kama katika kujifungua kwa kina mama kwa kawaida wao ndo wahusika wakuu.

“Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and scope of practice. Many nurses provide care within the ordering scope of physicians, and this traditional role has come to shape the historic public image of nurses as care providers. 

"Nurses develop a plan of care, working collaboratively with physicians, therapists, the patient, the patient's family and other team members, that focuses on treating illness to improve quality of life. Nurses may help coordinate the patient care performed by other members of an interdisciplinary health care team such as therapists, medical practitioners and dietitians.”(https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing)

    

  2.PHARMACISTS:

Opportunities: Bachelor of pharmacy

Mistakenly watu wanadhani hawa ndo wale wanaokaa kuuza dawa kwenye pharmacy. It maybe true, some of them stay in the pharmacies but not because they studied to work there but rather just a matter of choice and self employment. Wao ndo wahusika wakuu wa dawa tunazotumia, wakipima uwezo wa kila dawa, madhara yake n.k.

“Pharmacists are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. A pharmacist is a member of the health care team directly involved with patient care. Pharmacists undergo university-level education to understand the biochemical mechanisms and actions of drugs, drug uses, therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring parameters. Pharmacists interpret and communicate this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians, and other health care providers.” (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist)

         3.   DOCTOR:

Opportunities:

•         Doctor of Medicine
•          Doctor of Dental surgery (East Africa ipo Muhimbili University na Nairobi university tu)-Mtaalamu wa meno

Huyu yeye tumemzoea na ndo tunayemjua siku zote na kumuona tunapokwenda hospitali, daktari. Swali ni kwamba kwanini watalamu wa meno huwa wanachukuliwa ni madaktari wa kipekee? Kwa sababu watu hawa husoma miaka mitano na badala ya kuwa madaktari wa kawaida wao wanakuwa watalamu wa meno moja kwa moja. Hapo ndo utakapojua kuwa mwili wa binadamu unahitaji uangalizi na ulinzi mkubwa kwani meno tu yamepewa hadhi ya kipekee.

     

     4. LAB TECHS (wataalamu wa maabara)

Opportunities:

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Clinical Chemistry (BMLS Clin.Chem)

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Haematology and Blood Transfusion (BMLS Haem.BT)

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Histotechnology (BMLS Histotech.)

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Microbiology and Immunology (BMLS Micro.Immunol.)

·         Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Sciences in Parasitology and Medical Entomology (BMLS Para.Entomol.)

·         Bachelor of medical Laboratory Sciences General Degree.

Watu hawa ni wataalamu wa maabara. Watu hawa wana kazi kubwa sana. Mfano, pale HOSPITALI YA TAIFA MUHIMBILI kuna central pathology lab. Jengo hili linafanya kazi kubwa sana mfano kupima kila aina ya magonjwa kutoka kwenye sampuli za wagonjwa wote wa hospitali ya taifa, huusika kwenye kuchangia damu na kuihifadhi. Hivyo hawa kazi yao ndo itaamua kwa kiasi kikubwa kama alichohisi daktari ni kweli au lah!

So we need these people so much and their work is highly in constant need of specialists in this field.

5.       RADIATION THERAPIST (watalamu wa mionzi)

Opportunities: Bachelor of Science in Radiation Therapy Technology (BSc RTT)

Watu hawa wanaojua umuhimu wao ni wale waliokwisha fanyiwa X-ray, CT-scan, Ultrasound au kutibiwa kansa kwa mionzi. Watu hawa ni wataalamu wa mambo yote katika sekta ya afya yanayohusu mionzi.

Kansa ni tatizo kubwa sana linalotabiriwa kuongezeka kwa kasi sana. Watu hawa kwa kiasi kikubwa husaidia matibabu kwa mionzi katika ugonjwa huu wa hatari sana. Hivyo wanaumuhimu mkubwa sana na wanahajika.

6.       Health Environmentalist (wataalamu wa Afya mazingira):

Opportunities: Bachelor of Science in Environmental Health (BSc. Env. Health)

Watu hawa hawakutani na sisi moja kwa moja lakini wao ndo wahusika wakuu wa mazingira yetu. Kwani magonjwa yanatoka wapi? Si kwenye mazingira yetu? Wao huchunguza mazingira, kufanya tafiti na huweza kutabiri magonjwa mapya na kuangalia namna gani tunaweza kurekebisha mazingira yetu hata mda mwingine kufanya magonjwa kuwa historia. Labda ndo chanzo cha baadhi ya nchi kutokuwa na magonjwa mengine tunayoyafahamu katika nchi zao. Wana mchango mkubwa sana. Ni watu wa NGO’s hawa na opportunities za kutumika na Umoja wa mataifa (UNO).

 Unajua kinga ni bora kuliko tiba. Sasa, ukitibiwa kipindu pindu kwa mfano, halafu usipobadili mazingira na kuyaweka safi itakuwa kazi bure sababu utarudi kwenye ugonjwa ule ule. Hivyo kazi ya watu hawa ni kuhakikisha kuwa ikitokea bahati mbaya umeumwa, usiumwe tena.

Kuna mchanganyiko wa mambo hapa. Kuna wanaosoma Environmental engineering hao sitawagusia kwasababu wao hawajabobea katika mazingira kiAfya, wao ni wahandisi wa mazingira mfano kutafuta namna ya kutengeneza vyanzo rafiki vya nishati na kulinda uchafuzi wa mazingira au kuhakikisha viwanda vinatengenezwa katika teknolojia ambayo haiharibu mazingira.

   

      7. Viungo bandia:(hii inapatikana KCMC tu kwa sasa)

Opportuinities: Orthopaedic Technologists na Prothetist/Orthotist

Watu hawa, kama inavyojieleza hapo, wanahusika katika utengenezaji na utumiaji wa viungo bandia. Kuwapa mazoezi watu waliopata ajali na kuhakikisha wanapewa tiba mbadala hasa inapotokea matatizo ya ulemavu. Kwa ajali hizi za barabarani zinazoendelea hasa bodaboda, hii inaweza kuwa fursa nzuri sana kama utaweza kusoma na kuamua kuanzisha kampuni yako ya viungo bandia kwani hapa nchini sekta hii ipo wazi sana (hajapewa kipaumbele sana na serikali).

Conclussion/Reccomendation: Watu hawa ni wa muhimu sana. Ila huwezi kutambua umuhimu wako mpaka pale watakapokuwa katikati ya maisha yako na kifo. Wanajitoa sadaka sana na wanajiweka katika hatari ya kila namna.

 Hawa ni watu wa kwanza kupata ugonjwa wowote wa maambukizi mapya kutoka kwa wagonjwa. Ndiyo maana tunachomwa chanjo mbalimbali kujilinda.

Tumejitolea maisha yetu kwajili yako, hivyo pindi upatapo shida tuone hasa kabla tatizo halijawa kubwa. TUPO KWAJILI YAKO.

Sekta ya Afya ni sekta yenye fursa nyingi sana. Kwasababu, utafanya yote lakini Afya itabaki kuwa sekta muhimu sana kwenye jamii. Fursa ni nyingi sana kupita maelezo. 

Asanteni.

Errors in measurements-lesson 2

Its a good brief lesson. Includes estimation of errors in graph and very clear thorough explanations. Welcome and feel at home. For questions and consultation contact me 0714949061 Whatsapp and 0785071020 normal texts, don't hesitate! Thank you.

HEALTHY DRINKING PART 2

WELCOME TO THE PARTY OF THE PART 2 OF HEALTHY DRINKING

Constantine Ntanguligwa(MD student Muhimbili university of health and allied sciences)
2017hrs 22nd July 2016

Hello, welcome to free healthy information. Its your right to be informed. We shall end the week this time with our part two about healthy dinking of which since part one we had four main objectives which are:
1.WHAT IS THE HEALTHY AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?
2.WARNING TO OUR NUTRITION WHILE WE DRINK
3.A TIME WHEN DRINKING CAN BE LIFE THREATENING
4.GOUT PROBLEM AFTER DRINKING AND CONSUMING MEAT

Today we will finish the remaining two.

Karibu tuzungumze,

Kuna haka kaugonjwa kanaitwa "gout" kwa lugha ya kitaalamu. Ugonjwa huu hutupata sana sisi tunaokunywa vilevi.
Naomba ieleweke wazi kuwa ugonjwa huu hausababishwi na Kinywaji chako, bali ni kutokana na mkusanyiko mkubwa wa "Uric acid" kwenye viungo(joints) hasa miguuni.
Uric acid ni kemikali inayopatikana kutokana na mwili ku digest nyama. Hivyo mtu akila nyama kupita kiasi anauwezekano mkubwa wa kupata ugonjwa huu.

INAHUSIANA VIPI NA KILEVI?
Mara nyingi sisi tunaokunywa hivi vinywaji vyetu, tunasindikiza na nyama choma. Sasa pombe kama chanzo kinaweza kusababisha ukala nyama na kusababisha mkusanyiko mkubwa wa Uric acid kwenye viungo vyako. Mkusanyiko huu unategemea sana na uwezo wa mwili wako wa kuvumilia mkusanyiko huo hivyo hutegemeana na mtu na mtu na hali ya mwili wako.
Hivyo, unywapo kinywaji chako unashauriwa kuangalia kiasi cha nyama unayokula.

Ugonjwa huu huanza kusikika na mtu hasa asubuhi ukiamka unahisi maumivu makali kwenye viungo vya mwili. Ikikupata hali hii usiogope na dawa ipo na unatibika vizuri tu. Muone daktari atakupatia dawa.

WAKATI WA HATARI YA MAISHA KUNYWA POMBE:
Pombe(alcohol), ni "dehydrating agent", yani ni kitu amabcho kikiingia mwilini kina ushawishi mwili kupoteza maji mara nyingi kwa mkojo (diuretic,diuresis).
Wakati wa joto kali ambapo umepoteza maji mengi mwilini kwa jasho au baada ya kufanya mazoezi au kazi iliyokufanya utoe jasho jingi na kupoteza maji mwilini haishauriwi kabisa unywe kilevi.
Hii ni kwasababu, utafanya mwili upoteze maji zaidi na unaweza kusababisha kitu tunaita "circulatory shock". Hii hali ni hatari kwa maisha yako kwani inapunguza damu sehemu muhimu kama kwenye ubongo au figo na huwenda ikasababisha madhara makubwa ambayo huweza kuhatarisha maisha(life threatening).

Otherwise niwatakie weekend njema. Tukutane tena jumatatu kuongelea kuhusu mambo yetu ya kiafya.

JUST REMEMBER, EXCESSIVE DRINKING BEYOND SAFE LEVELS(REFER TO PART ONE) HAS A HIGH RISK OF DEVELOPING LIVER DISEASE(CIRRHOSIS), A VERY DANGEROUS DISEASE ALSO SOME CANCERS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS OF ALL KINDS ARE LINKED TO HISTORY OF ALCOHOL BEYOND SAFE LEVELS.

IF YOU ARE TRYING TO LIMIT TO SAFE LEVELS AND YOU FEEL YOU ARE FAILING. SEE A DOCTOR (MAY BE A SIGN OF ADDICTION)

ON MY WAY TO TAKE MY TWO BOTTLES OF CASTLE LITE TO MEET REQUIREMENTS OF THE DAY... 


PLEASE DRINK RESPONSIBLY. 

Until next time